A subsea fluid processing system which receives a wellstream flow. The subsea fluid processing system includes a pressure control device which regulates a pressure of the wellstream flow, a gas-liquid separator unit which receives the wellstream flow downstream of the pressure control device and which provides a liquid stream and a gas stream, a first membrane separator which receives the gas stream and which provides a retentate stream and a permeate stream, a compressor which receives the permeate stream and which provides a compressed permeate stream, and a discharge cooler which receives the compressed permeate stream and which provides a cooled compressed permeate stream for injection into a subsurface reservoir. A density of the cooled compressed permeate stream is higher than a density of the compressed permeate stream.

A membrane permeation system and process accommodates varying acid gas inlet concentrations over time while utilizing only the initially installed equipment and still maintaining the non-permeate gas specification. The system and process provide flexibility to operate efficiently over a wide range of inlet CO.sub.2 concentrations by adjustments to primary permeate, secondary permeate, and recycle gas operations. The glassy polymer membrane devices used in the system and process are selected so removal duty efficiency increases as acid gas concentration increase. Designing the system and process to handle about a 15% increase in acid gas concentrations over initial conditions effectively treats acid gas concentrations well above that 15% increase, thereby eliminating the need for additional equipment or for additional downstream amines and physical solvents.

The present disclosure is related to refining one or more grain oil composition streams (e.g., distillers corn oil or syrup) in a biorefinery to provide one or more refined grain oil products, where each grain oil product has targeted amounts of a free fatty acid component and the fatty acid alkyl ester component.

Embodiments of a system for on-site conversion of carbon dioxide from vehicle exhaust to liquid fuels and fuel additives comprise a carbon dioxide collection system, an external power source, an electrolyzer, and a carbon dioxide conversion system. The carbon dioxide collection system interfaces with a mobile carbon dioxide capture system onboard a vehicle to transfer CO.sub.2 captured from vehicle exhaust to a vessel in the carbon dioxide collection system. The external power source provides the energy required for operation of the carbon dioxide conversion system and the electrolyzer. The electrolyzer separates a water feed into hydrogen and oxygen to generate a hydrogen feed and an oxygen feed. The carbon dioxide conversion system converts the CO.sub.2 collected from the exhaust of the vehicles and delivered to the carbon dioxide collection system and the hydrogen feed from the electrolyzer into useful liquid fuels and fuel additives through electrochemical reduction.

A distributed Biogas Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Generator can provide automatically hot water and electricity for local applications. Since biogas is produced by an anaerobic digester from human, animal, kitchen and agriculture's wastes, it is a short term recycled product from the photosynthesis of CO.sub.2, and has a net zero carbon emission.

The sulfur compounds in the biogas can be removed by the following steps: (1). converting all sulfur compounds into H.sub.2S by the hydrogen produced from the biogas over Pt group metal catalysts; (2). adsorbing the H.sub.2S at high temperature by the regenerable Pt group metal catalyst and adsorbents.

The desulfurized biogas is further converted by an ATR/CPO reformer or a steam generating reformer to produce various reformates, which can be connected to a downstream IC engine/gas turbine, and/or a steam turbine to drive electric generators for generating electricity. The hot reformate and the exhaust gases can be cooled in heat exchangers to produce hot water/hot air.

A combined generation system according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a natural gas synthesizing apparatus for receiving coal and oxygen, generating synthetic gas by a gasifier, and permitting the synthetic gas to pass through a methanation reactor so as to synthesize methane; a fuel cell apparatus for receiving fuel that contains methane from the natural gas synthesizing apparatus and generating electrical energy; and a generating apparatus for producing electrical energy using the fluid discharged from the fuel cell apparatus.

The present invention concerns an improved process for a process for the treatment of biomass, comprising (a) subjecting biomass to hydrothermal treatment in a hydrothermal reactor by immersing the biomass in a treatment liquid, wherein an effluent drained from step (b) or (c) is used as treatment liquid; (b) draining the liquid from the reactor via a liquid outlet to obtain a liquor and simultaneously or subsequently introducing another washing liquid into the reactor, wherein the washing liquid is pre-heated to a temperature 30? C. below operational temperature of step (a) or higher before being introduced into the reactor, (c) draining the reactor to obtain washed hydrothermally treated biomass and an effluent, wherein at least one of step (a) and (b) is performed at a temperature in the range of 100-250? C. The invention further concerns a solid fuel and a liquor obtained by the process according to the invention, as well as a hydrothermal treatment facility to operate the process according to the invention.

A device for producing energy from waste including a power generator, a digester, and .a generator utilizing biodiesel, active coal, tar, and ashes. The latter includes a purification chamber, a gas generator, a radiator, a compressor, and a reactor. The device includes an HMF producer comprising a primary treatment tank, a pump, a reactor, an extractor and a purification tank. The power generator may be at least one of a diesel motor, a gas turbine and steam cycle. The digester is structured to produce biogas.

A volume of natural gas including a volume of methane and a volume of other alkanes may be cleaned of the other alkanes using a steam reformer system to create synthesis gas.

A method and apparatus for converting an alcohol into a fuel mixture which consists of alcohol, ether and water and is suitable for operating a combustion engine, in particular an internal combustion engine in a motor vehicle, converts the alcohol into the fuel mixture in a reactor at a suitable reaction temperature. The mixing ratio of alcohol fraction, ether fraction and water fraction in the fuel mixture is adjusted by controlling at least one reaction parameter of a reaction taking place in the reactor.