A process for preparing phenylacetic acid is provided. The process essentially includes the steps of providing one or more yeast strains belonging to the genus Yarrowia and mutants thereof, providing a culture medium including phenylalanine, transforming phenylalanine into phenylacetic acid by fermentation of the one or more yeast strains in the culture medium, the phenylacetic acid being contained in a fermentation broth obtained by the fermentation, and isolating the phenylacetic acid from the fermentation broth.

The present invention provides for a mechanism to completely replace the electron accepting function of glycerol formation with an alternative pathway to ethanol formation, thereby reducing glycerol production and increasing ethanol production. In some embodiments, the invention provides for a recombinant microorganism comprising a down-regulation in one or more native enzymes in the glycerol-production pathway. In some embodiments, the invention provides for a recombinant microorganism comprising an up-regulation in one or more enzymes in the ethanol-production pathway.

The present invention provides for a mechanism to completely replace the electron accepting function of glycerol formation with an alternative pathway to ethanol formation, thereby reducing glycerol production and increasing ethanol production. In some embodiments, the invention provides for a recombinant microorganism comprising a down-regulation in one or more native enzymes in the glycerol-production pathway. In some embodiments, the invention provides for a recombinant microorganism comprising an up-regulation in one or more enzymes in the ethanol-production pathway.

The present invention relates to a process for the production of a dyed biopolymer comprising the steps of providing at least one biopolymer-producing microorganism, providing at least one dye-producing microorganism, culturing said at least one biopolymer-producing microorganism to produce at least a biopolymer, and culturing said dye-producing microorganism wherein said dye-producing microorganism produce at least a dye suitable to dye at least part of said biopolymer, whereby a dyed biopolymer is obtained. The present invention also relates to a dyed biopolymer, to process for the production of a dyed composite article comprising at least the dyed biopolymer and to articles comprising the dyed biopolymer.

The present invention relates to a process for the production of a dyed biopolymer comprising the steps of providing at least one biopolymer-producing microorganism, providing at least one dye-producing microorganism, culturing said at least one biopolymer-producing microorganism to produce at least a biopolymer, and culturing said dye-producing microorganism wherein said dye-producing microorganism produce at least a dye suitable to dye at least part of said biopolymer, whereby a dyed biopolymer is obtained. The present invention also relates to a dyed biopolymer, to process for the production of a dyed composite article comprising at least the dyed biopolymer and to articles comprising the dyed biopolymer.

A novel gene targeting method and a nucleotide construct for the method. The method integrates a nucleotide construct containing an interference gene in an effective gene targeting region independent of the gene by homologous recombination, thereby improving the targeting efficiency of the gene. The present invention also provides a gene targeting system for gene expression regulation and gene disruption.

The present invention is related to production of a sterol mix in a modified yeast cell, wherein the amount of zymosterol present in said mix is dramatically reduced or abolished via modification of sterol acyltransferase activity within said yeast. The modified yeast cell can be used for production of vitamin D3 or derivatives and/or metabolites thereof.

The present invention is related to production of a sterol mix in a modified yeast cell, wherein the amount of zymosterol present in said mix is dramatically reduced or abolished via modification of sterol acyltransferase activity within said yeast. The modified yeast cell can be used for production of vitamin D3 or derivatives and/or metabolites thereof.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a 3D printed hydrogel, wherein at least two different populations of cells are embedded in the 3D printed hydrogel. The different populations of cells can produce one or more products. The 3D printed hydrogel can be lyophilized and rehydrated, and the cells can continue to produce the product. Also disclosed are methods of producing a product, and methods of producing a 3D printed hydrogel comprising different populations of cells.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a 3D printed hydrogel, wherein at least two different populations of cells are embedded in the 3D printed hydrogel. The different populations of cells can produce one or more products. The 3D printed hydrogel can be lyophilized and rehydrated, and the cells can continue to produce the product. Also disclosed are methods of producing a product, and methods of producing a 3D printed hydrogel comprising different populations of cells.