The present invention provides a method for producing parasympathetic neurons from neural crest cells or autonomic neural progenitor cells derived therefrom, comprising a step of culturing the neural crest cells or autonomic neural progenitor cells derived therefrom in the presence of a cAMP production promoter, a BDNF signaling pathway activator, a GDNF signaling pathway activator, an NGF signaling pathway activator, an NT-3 signaling pathway activator, vitamin C, a protein kinase C activator, and a retinoic acid receptor agonist.

Cell culture media are provided herein as are methods of using the media for cell culture and protein production from cells.

The present invention provides a process for controlling the production of ethanol by microbial fermentation of gaseous substrates. More specifically, a process is provided for controlling ethanol productivity through addition of vitamins. In accordance with the process, vitamins B1, B5 and B7 are added in amounts that increase specific ethanol productivity.

The present invention provides a method for proliferating neural progenitor cells and a composition for treating neurological diseases, the composition including a proliferated neural progenitor cell. When a fetal neural progenitor cell is cultured under a hypoxia condition and/or in a medium containing tocoperol, tocoperol acetate, or a mixture thereof, the improved cell proliferation rates of the fetal neural progenitor cell are confirmed. In addition, considering an effect of the neural progenitor cell on preventing differentiation thereof into neurons at the time of proliferation, the present disclosure may contribute to mass production of neural stem cells, and accordingly, the proliferated neural progenitor cell is expected to be utilized in the treatment of a neurological disease.

An agent for use in reducing T cell exhaustion and/or increasing T cell function, and/or boosting immunity, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of nicotinamide riboside, vitamin B12, a urolithin, manganese, serine, glycine, arginine, asparagine, and a combination of two or more thereof.

The invention relates to differentiation methods for progenitor cells, e.g. mammalian epithelial stem cells, differentiation media for use in said methods, organoids and cells obtainable by said methods and uses, including therapeutic uses, thereof.

A method of differentiating pluripotent stem cells into hemangioblasts comprising incubating the pluripotent stem cells in a first serum-free differentiation medium comprising bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) to induce differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells into hemangioblasts or hemangioblast-containing embryoid bodies is provided. The hemangioblasts or embryoid bodies may be cultured in a second differentiation medium comprising at el least granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) for a period of time sufficient to generate alveolar-like macrophages.

The present application pertains to a sialyloligosaccharide for augmenting the stemness of stem cells and a use thereof and provides a composition for augmenting stemness of stem cells, a method of culturing stem cells in a medium containing a sialyloligosaccharide, a method of augmenting stemness of stem cells, a stem cell with augmented stemness, obtained by the method, and a cell therapy composition including the stem cells as an active ingredient. The composition or the method according to one or more embodiments may suppress the aging of stem cells and may maintain and augment stemness.

Provided herein are novel organoid culture media, organoid culture systems, and methods of culturing tumor organoids using the subject organoid culture media. Also provided herein are tumor organoids developed using such organoid culture systems, methods for assessing the clonal diversity of the tumor organoids, and methods for using such tumor organoids, for example, for tumor modelling and drug development applications. In particular embodiments, the tumor organoid culture media provided herein is substantially free of R-spondins (e.g., R-spondin1).

The present disclosure provides methods for treating pro-inflammatory diseases and conditions, optionally using pentostatin and cyclophosphamide pre-treatment, by administration of T.sub.REG and/or T.sub.REG/Th2 hybrid cells from de-differentiated T cells. The source of T cells can be autologous (from the affected subject) or allogenic (off-the-shelf bank of therapeutic cells; generated from healthy unrelated volunteers). The present disclosure further provides methods for producing T.sub.REG and T.sub.REG/Th2 hybrid cells from de-differentiated T cells, said T.sub.REG and T.sub.REG/Th2 hybrid cells, populations thereof and compositions thereof. Methods for producing de-differentiated T cells, said de-differentiated T cells, populations thereof and compositions thereof are also provided.