This invention provides optimized fermentation of cellulosic and hemicellulosic sugars. Biomass-derived hemicellulosic and cellulosic sugars are independently conditioned and separately fermented, utilizing reuse and recycle of microorganisms, metabolic intermediates, and nutrients. Conditioned sugars can be fermented in separate vessels, where excess cells from glucose fermentation are conveyed to hemicellulose sugar fermentation along with raffinate from solvent recovery, to enhance productivity and product yield. Some variations provide a method of fermenting C.sub.5 and C.sub.6 sugars to fermentation products, the method comprising: fermenting a C.sub.6-rich sugar feed to a first fermentation product; fermenting a C.sub.5-rich sugar feed to a second fermentation product; removing microorganism cells from the first fermentor, to maintain a cell concentration within a selected range; conveying microorganism cells to a second fermentor; and removing microorganism cells from the second fermentor, to maintain a microorganism cell concentration that is greater than that in the C.sub.6-rich fermentor.

The present invention belongs to the field of treatment of urban organic wastes, and specifically relates to a high-value treatment system or method for urban wet garbage. According to the present invention, through the steps such as oil extraction, high-efficiency hydrolysis, high-value biological conversion, simultaneous recovery of released nitrogen and phosphorus and deep utilization of residues, urban wet garbage is converted into acetic acid by high-value treatment, produced by-products including carbon dioxide and hydrogen are biologically converted into acetic acid, released nitrogen and phosphorus are recycled into slow-release fertilizers, and solid residues are used to prepare materials capable of promoting conversion of the wet garbage into acetic acid through high-value treatment. According to the present invention, not only can high-value treatment of the urban wet garbage be realized, but also produced waste gases and waste residues are recycled.

The present invention belongs to the field of treatment of urban organic wastes, and specifically relates to a high-value treatment system or method for urban wet garbage. According to the present invention, through the steps such as oil extraction, high-efficiency hydrolysis, high-value biological conversion, simultaneous recovery of released nitrogen and phosphorus and deep utilization of residues, urban wet garbage is converted into acetic acid by high-value treatment, produced by-products including carbon dioxide and hydrogen are biologically converted into acetic acid, released nitrogen and phosphorus are recycled into slow-release fertilizers, and solid residues are used to prepare materials capable of promoting conversion of the wet garbage into acetic acid through high-value treatment. According to the present invention, not only can high-value treatment of the urban wet garbage be realized, but also produced waste gases and waste residues are recycled.

Disclosed herein is a composition containing turmeric starch for use as a prebiotic plant fiber. Also disclosed is a method to increase the viable counts of Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 by co-culturing with turmeric starch and the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) by Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 using turmeric starch.

Disclosed herein is a composition containing turmeric starch for use as a prebiotic plant fiber. Also disclosed is a method to increase the viable counts of Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 by co-culturing with turmeric starch and the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) by Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 using turmeric starch.

The invention provides methods and systems for the production of lipid products from a gaseous substrate using a two stage fermentation process. The method comprises providing a gaseous substrate comprising CO, CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 or mixtures thereof, to a first bioreactor containing a culture or one or more microorganisms, and fermenting the substrate to produce a product comprising acetate. The acetate from the first bioreactor is then provided to a second bioreactor, where it is used as a substrate for fermentation to lipids by one or more yeasts.

The invention provides methods and systems for the production of lipid products from a gaseous substrate using a two stage fermentation process. The method comprises providing a gaseous substrate comprising CO, CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 or mixtures thereof, to a first bioreactor containing a culture or one or more microorganisms, and fermenting the substrate to produce a product comprising acetate. The acetate from the first bioreactor is then provided to a second bioreactor, where it is used as a substrate for fermentation to lipids by one or more yeasts.

An object of the present invention is to construct a production system that enables efficient production of organic acids using blue-green algae, which are photosynthetic microorganisms, by utilizing carbon dioxide and thereby increasing an amount of organic acids produced. The present invention relates to blue-green algae overexpressing a clock protein gene and a method for producing organic acids by culturing the blue-green algae.

An object of the present invention is to construct a production system that enables efficient production of organic acids using blue-green algae, which are photosynthetic microorganisms, by utilizing carbon dioxide and thereby increasing an amount of organic acids produced. The present invention relates to blue-green algae overexpressing a clock protein gene and a method for producing organic acids by culturing the blue-green algae.

Combined therapy of cancer using an immune check point modulators (e.g., an immune checkpoint inhibitor) and a fermented product, which may be prepared using symbiotic microbiota.