The present disclosure relates to novel modular methods for generating a diversity of N-glycans of high mannose, hybrid and complex types. The present disclosure also relates to exemplary arrays of the synthesized N-glycans spotted onto aluminium oxide coated slides. These arrays can be used to detect and analyze binding interactions between the synthesized N-glycans and glycan binding molecules, such as HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. The present disclosure also relates to methods for identifying agents that bind to various types of molecules on the arrays and to defining the structural elements of the molecules on the arrays that bind to those agents. The arrays and methods provided herein may be used for general epitope identification, drug discovery and as analytical tools. The present disclosure also provides useful glycans and epitope determinants that are useful in detecting, diagnosing, recurrence monitoring and preventing pathological diseases such as HIV.

The present invention is directed to a process for self-sufficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material. In an additional aspect, the present invention is directed to a process for the production of an organic product and the organic product produced according to this process.

The present invention is directed to a process for self-sufficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material. In an additional aspect, the present invention is directed to a process for the production of an organic product and the organic product produced according to this process.

Provided herein are host cells capable of producing hybrid oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, wherein said hybrid oligosaccharides and polysaccharides do not comprise a hexose at the reducing end of their first repeat unit. Also provided herein are hybrid oligosaccharides or polysaccharides and bioconjugates which can be produced by the host cells described herein, wherein said bioconjugates comprise a carrier protein linked to a hybrid oligosaccharide or polysaccharide that does not comprise a hexose at the reducing end of its first repeat unit.

Provided herein are host cells capable of producing hybrid oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, wherein said hybrid oligosaccharides and polysaccharides do not comprise a hexose at the reducing end of their first repeat unit. Also provided herein are hybrid oligosaccharides or polysaccharides and bioconjugates which can be produced by the host cells described herein, wherein said bioconjugates comprise a carrier protein linked to a hybrid oligosaccharide or polysaccharide that does not comprise a hexose at the reducing end of its first repeat unit.

The present invention relates to process for reducing the endotoxin content of a sample of fermentation broth containing polysialic acid and endotoxin comprising the sequential steps: (i) adding to the sample a base having a pKa of at least 12 to form a basic solution having a pH of at least 12, incubating the solution for a pre-determined time at a pre-determined temperature; and (ii) recovery of PSA, suitably by (iii) passing the sample through an anion-exchange column whereby polysialic acid is absorbed on the ion exchange resin; (iv) washing the column with one washing buffer, whereby polysialic acid remains absorbed on the ion exchange resin; and (v) eluting the polysialic acid from the column using an elution buffer to provide a product solution of polysialic acid having reduced endotoxin content.

The invention discloses a method for improving the yield of Bacillus subtilis acetylglucosamine, which belongs to the technical field of genetic engineering. In the invention, the recombinant Bacillus subtilis S5 (S5-PxylA-glmS-P43-GNA1) is taken as a starting strain, and the glmS ribozyme is integrated into the mid of rbs and the promoter sequence of the glmM and pfkA gene, respectively. The ribozyme mutant has the advantage of prolonging the stability of the mRNA and integrated into the mid of rbs and the promoter sequence of the pgi gene. The yield of GlcNAc of the recombinant strain reaches 11.79-20.05 g/L. This laid the foundation for the further metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis to produce GlcNAc.

The invention discloses a method for improving the yield of Bacillus subtilis acetylglucosamine, which belongs to the technical field of genetic engineering. In the invention, the recombinant Bacillus subtilis S5 (S5-PxylA-glmS-P43-GNA1) is taken as a starting strain, and the glmS ribozyme is integrated into the mid of rbs and the promoter sequence of the glmM and pfkA gene, respectively. The ribozyme mutant has the advantage of prolonging the stability of the mRNA and integrated into the mid of rbs and the promoter sequence of the pgi gene. The yield of GlcNAc of the recombinant strain reaches 11.79-20.05 g/L. This laid the foundation for the further metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis to produce GlcNAc.

The invention relates to a method for obtaining an N-acetylglucosamine containing neutral oligosaccharide from a fermentation broth, wherein said oligosaccharide is produced by culturing a genetically modified microorganism capable of producing said oligosaccharide from an internalized carbohydrate precursor, comprising the steps of: i) ultrafiltration (UF), preferably to separate biomass from the broth, ii) nanofiltration (NF), preferably to concentrate said oligosaccharide in the broth and/or reduce an inorganic salt content of the broth, and iii) treating the broth with an ion exchange resin, preferably to remove charged materials, and/or subjecting the broth to chromatography, preferably to remove hydrophobic impurities.

The invention relates to a method for obtaining an N-acetylglucosamine containing neutral oligosaccharide from a fermentation broth, wherein said oligosaccharide is produced by culturing a genetically modified microorganism capable of producing said oligosaccharide from an internalized carbohydrate precursor, comprising the steps of: i) ultrafiltration (UF), preferably to separate biomass from the broth, ii) nanofiltration (NF), preferably to concentrate said oligosaccharide in the broth and/or reduce an inorganic salt content of the broth, and iii) treating the broth with an ion exchange resin, preferably to remove charged materials, and/or subjecting the broth to chromatography, preferably to remove hydrophobic impurities.