The present invention provides a process for obtaining n+a oxidation and reduction products from a mixture of n sugars selected from the group consisting of C5 and C6 sugars, wherein n is at least 2 and a is at least 1, wherein at least two of the sugars in the mixture are present at a non-equimolar ratio to each other, wherein, in a first stage, at least one of the sugars which are present at a non-equimolar ratio to each other is oxidized enzymatically and, at the same time, at least one of the other sugars present at a non-equimolar ratio to each other is reduced enzymatically, and wherein, in the first stage, a portion of at least one of the sugars present at a non-equimolar ratio to each other is not converted, and which is characterized in that, in at least a second stage, at least a portion of the sugar not converted in the first stage is oxidized enzymatically by half and, respectively, is reduced enzymatically by the remaining half.

The present invention relates to a mutant microbial host cell which is deficient in the production of the AgsE protein or in the production of an homologous thereof if compared with a parent microbial host cell which has not been modified and measured under the same conditions. It has been surprisingly found that when the mutant microbial host cell according to the invention is used in a method to produce a compound of interest, for example an enzyme, an improved yield of said compound is obtained if compared to a method in which a parent host cell which has not been modified is used when measured under the same conditions.

Disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a glucose oxidase enzyme and a peroxide-degrading enzyme (e.g., a catalase enzyme), which can be used, among other things, to treat hyperglycemia, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and/or an eating disorder.

The instant disclosure provides reagent compounds, and antibody and oligonucleotide reagents, for use in a variety of assays, including immunoassays and nucleic acid hybridizations. The reagent compounds comprise a bridging antigen or bridging oligonucleotide and a latent crosslinker moiety, such as a tyramide moiety. The bridging antigens are recognizable by the antibody of a corresponding antibody reagent with high affinity, and the bridging oligonucleotides are complementary to the oligonucleotide of a corresponding oligonucleotide reagent. The antibody reagents and oligonucleotide reagents also comprise a crosslinker activation agent, such as a peroxidase enzyme. Reaction of the reagent compounds with the crosslinker activation agent results in the amplification of signal in assays for target cellular markers, including cellular antigens and nucleic acids. Also provided are detectable antibodies specific for the bridging antigens, kits comprising the reagent compounds and antibody and oligonucleotide reagents, methods of signal amplification using the compounds and reagents of the disclosure, methods of preparation of the compounds and reagents, and compositions comprising the compounds and reagents.

Materials and methods for conducting an atom transfer radical polymerization in the presence of oxygen by interlocking enzymatic activities are provided herein.

A conductive substrate for a working electrode for a biological sensor includes a plastic substrate comprising an organic polymer or a thermoplastic. A carbon compound is on the plastic substrate. The carbon compound includes an elastomeric material and a carbon material from an aqueous solution. The carbon compound includes at least two materials from a group of carbon black, graphene, pyrolytic carbon, pyrolytic graphite, and diamagnetic graphite. The conductive substrate receives and transfers free electrons generated by an enzyme in the working electrode.

Neonatal seizure is different from adult seizure, and many antiepileptic drugs that are effective in adults often fail to treat neonatal seizure. Gluconic acid, a natural organic acid enriched in fruits and honey, and the glucose oxidase enzyme, is shown herein to potently inhibit neonatal epilepsy both in vitro and in vivo. Sodium gluconate is shown to inhibit epileptiform burst activity in cell cultures and protect neurons from kainic acid-induced cell death. Sodium gluconate also inhibited epileptiform burst activity in brain slices in a manner that was much more potent in neonatal animals than in older animals. Consistently, in vivo EEG recordings also revealed that sodium gluconate inhibited the epileptic seizure activity in a manner that was much more potent in neonates than in adult animals. Mechanistically, sodium gluconate inhibits voltage-dependent CLC-3 Cl.sup. channels both in neuronal cultures and in hippocampal slices. Together, these data suggest a novel antiepileptic drug gluconate that potently inhibits neonatal seizures through blocking CLC-3 Cl.sup. channels.

A method of processing data from a test device is provided. The method comprises determining a concentration of a first analyte in a fluid sample using first sensing chemistry, wherein the first analyte is an acidosis-related analyte; determining a concentration of a second analyte in the fluid sample using second sensing chemistry, wherein the second analyte is glucose; displaying a first indication related to the determined concentration of the second analyte; if the determined concentration of the first analyte is equal to or greater than a first threshold, providing a user-selectable option to display a second indication related to the determined concentration of the first analyte.

Lenses, including contact lenses, and other transparent substrates include electronic circuits having patterned conductors and antenna structures which are transparent, flexible and conductive. A patterned conductor or antenna structure can be a combination of two-dimensional material such as graphene and one-dimensional material such as metal nanowires. The patterned conductor or antenna structure can be wrinkled or otherwise pre-stressed, to accommodate stretching and folding of the substrate. A biosensor having a sensor unit and an antenna unit, or other type of circuit, can be formed using these materials, and can be disposed on a contact lens.

A closed-loop insulin delivery system is described. More particularly, the presently disclosed insulin delivery system can comprise glucose-responsive vesicles that release insulin in response to hypoxia triggered by enzymatic reduction of glucose. In addition or as an alternative to insulin, the delivery system can release other diabetes treatment agents, such as non-insulin-based diabetes treatment agents. The vesicles can be prepared from a hypoxia sensitive polymer, such as a hypoxia-sensitive hyaluronic acid (HS-HA). The HS-HA can comprise hydrophobic groups that can be reduced in hypoxic environments to form hydrophilic groups. The vesicles can be loaded into microneedles and microneedle array patches for use in the treatment of diabetes or to otherwise regulate blood glucose levels in subjects in need of such treatment.