Live attenuated bacteria vaccines against enteric septicemia of fish, especially catfish, and methods related to the same. Mutant strains of the bacteria Edwardsiella ictaluri (a pathogenic bacterial strain of Enterobacteriaceae) are provided. The mutant Edwardsiella ictaluri bacteria (or other pathogenic bacterial strain of Enterobacteriaceae) contain one or more gene deletions or disruptions that result in less virulent bacterial strains as live attenuated vaccine compositions against virulent wild-type Edwardsiella ictaluri bacteria (or other pathogenic bacterial strain of Enterobacteriaceae). The mutant strains showing the best immunological protection and safety as a vaccine are the triple mutants ESC-NDKL1 (gcvPsdhCfrdA) strain and ESC-NDKL2 (gcvPsdhCmdh) strain, with the ESC-NDKL1 strain providing the greatest safety and efficacy of these two triple mutants.

The present invention provides compositions and methods for biosynthetically producing podophyllotoxin intermediates and derivatives including enzymes and their equivalents involved in the biosynthetic production of podophyllotoxin intermediates and derivatives.

A genetically modified microorganism which satisfies at least one condition selected from the group consisting of the following conditions (I) and (II). Condition (I): citrate synthase activity is reduced or inactivated compared with a wild-type microorganism corresponding to the genetically modified microorganism, and condition (II): oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity is reduced or inactivated compared with the wild-type microorganism.

A fusion protein comprises (1) a first moiety that targets and orients the fusion protein to mitochondria inner membrane and (2) a second moiety that provides light-activated proton pump function when integrated into the mitochondria inner membrane. The fusion protein can be used for modulating hypoxia signaling in a subject, treating neurodegenerative diseases, protecting against stress, ameliorating symptoms of metabolic disorders and treating cancer.

The present disclosure relates to a genetically modified microorganism satisfying some of predetermined conditions. The predetermined conditions include: (I) succinate dehydrogenase activity or fumarate reductase activity being reduced or inactivated relative to a wild-type microorganism; (II) lactate dehydrogenase activity being reduced or inactivated relative to the wild-type microorganism; (III) the genetically modified microorganism having modified phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity showing resistance to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid in wild-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, or exogenous phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity having higher resistance to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid than that of the wild-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity shown by the wild-type microorganism; and (IV) pyruvate:quinone oxidoreductase being reduced or inactivated relative to the wild-type microorganism.