A method for preparing immobilized cells for producing mannose, and a method using same for producing mannose, comprising: fermenting to separately obtain fermentation broths of Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis expressing a-glucan phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose phosphoisomerase, mannose-6-phosphate isomerase and mannose-6-phosphate phosphatase, and mixing the fermentation broths to obtain a mixed fermentation broth.

A method for preparing glucosamine includes the steps of converting fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and an ammonium salt to glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) under the catalysis of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase (EC 3.5.99.6, GlmD); and producing glucosamine (GlcN) by the dephosphorylation of GlcN6P under the catalysis of an enzyme capable of catalyzing the dephosphorylation. Such a method can be used to prepare glucosamine by in vitro enzymatic biosystem.

Disclosed herein are methods of producing hexoses from saccharides by enzymatic processes. The methods utilize fructose 6-phosphate and at least one enzymatic step to convert it to a hexose.

An inositol preparation method by enzymatic catalysis uses starch and cellulose or substrates thereof as substrates. Raw materials are converted to inositol by in vitro multi-enzyme reaction system in one pot. The yield from the substrate to inositol is significantly improved by process optimization and adding new enzymes. The new enzymes can promote the phosphorolysis of starch or cellulose and utilization of glucose, which is the final production after the phosphorolysis of starch and cellulose. The inositol preparation method described herein has great potentials in industrial production of inositol because of high inositol yield, easy scale-up, low production cost, and lower impact to environment

The present application relates to a psicose-6-phosphate phosphatase comprising motif A and motif B, a composition for producing D-psicose comprising the enzyme, and a method for producing D-psicose using the enzyme.

Disclosed herein are methods of producing hexoses from saccharides by improved enzymatic processes. The improved processes utilize enzymes with higher activities than those previously reported to convert starch or a starch derivative, cellulose or a cellulose derivative, or sucrose to a glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) intermediate.

The present disclosure generally relates to modified microorganisms comprising an optimized system for oligosaccharide utilization comprising one or more polynucleotides coding for one or more energy independent oligosaccharide transporters for transporting an oligosaccharide into the microorganism, one or more polynucleotides coding for enzymes that catalyze the conversion of the oligosaccharide into at least one phosphorylated saccharide, and one or more polynucleotides coding for enzymes that catalyze the conversion of the phosphorylated saccharide into an isomer of the phosphorylated saccharide that is utilized in one or more enzymatic pathways in the microorganism for the production of an organic molecule such as acetic acid, acrylic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, lactic acid, etc. The present disclosure also generally relates to methods of using the optimized system for oligosaccharide utilization.

Provided herein are variant adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid proteins having one or more modifications in amino acid sequence relative to a parental AAV capsid protein, which, when present in an AAV virion, confer increased infectivity of one or more types of muscle cells as compared to the infectivity of the muscle cells by an AAV virion comprising the unmodified parental AAV capsid protein. Also provided are recombinant AAV virions and pharmaceutical compositions thereof comprising a variant AAV capsid protein as described herein, methods of making these rAAV capsid proteins and virions, and methods for using these rAAV capsid proteins and virions in research and in clinical practice, for example in, e.g., the delivery of nucleic acid sequences to one or more muscle cells for the treatment of muscle disorders and diseases.

Provided herein are variant adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid proteins having one or more modifications in amino acid sequence relative to a parental AAV capsid protein, which, when present in an AAV virion, confer increased infectivity of one or more types of muscle cells as compared to the infectivity of the muscle cells by an AAV virion comprising the unmodified parental AAV capsid protein. Also provided are recombinant AAV virions and pharmaceutical compositions thereof comprising a variant AAV capsid protein as described herein, methods of making these rAAV capsid proteins and virions, and methods for using these rAAV capsid proteins and virions in research and in clinical practice, for example in, e.g., the delivery of nucleic acid sequences to one or more muscle cells for the treatment of muscle disorders and diseases.

Provided are methods for producing polysaccharides in bacteria by expressing in a bacterium one or more coding sequences selected from the group consisting of a pglF dehydrogenase coding sequence, a wbpP UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine C4 epimerase coding sequence, a wcfR aminotransferase coding sequence, and a wcfS phospho-glycosyltransferase coding sequence, a wcfQ glycosyltransferase coding sequence, a wcfO pyruvyltransferase coding sequence, a wcfP glycosyltransferase coding sequence, a wcfM UDP-galactopyranose mutase coding sequence, a wcfN glycosyltransferase coding sequence, a wza polysaccharide export protein coding sequence, a wzx fippase coding sequence, a wzy polymerase coding sequence, and a wzz coding sequence, wherein at least one of the coding sequences is heterologous to the bacterium. Also provided are expression cassettes with one or more of the disclosed coding sequences, recombinant bacteria that harbor one or more of the expression cassettes, and methods for producing immunogenic compositions using the polysaccharides produced by the recombinant bacteria.