The present invention provides methods and composition for diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and/or treatment of cancers such as melanomas. The subject invention provides biomarkers and methods for assessing the severity of a cancer/tumor and for monitoring the progressing of a cancer/tumor. The biomarkers include glycosylation-rerated genes and molecules affected by the glycosylation-rerated genes. The compositions according to the subject invention regulate malignancy-associated pathways and alter melanoma signaling, growth, and survival.

The present disclosure relates to improved strains for the production of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in large scale. The strains are genetically engineered to produce less acetate and/or ethanol during large-scale fermentation, in particular when encountering gradients with excess carbon source in the fermenter.