Provided herein, in some embodiments, are methods and composition for the production of nucleoside triphosphates and ribonucleic acids.

Modified X family DNA polymerases engineered to be capable of incorporating 3-O-blocked nucleotide 5-triphosphates during template-independent polynucleotide synthesis, and methods for synthesizing polynucleotides using said modified X family DNA polymerases.

Methods for de novo synthesis of polynucleotides in which 3-O-reversibly blocked nucleotides are attached to a solid support in the presence of an X family DNA polymerase and in the absence of a nucleic acid template.

The present invention relates to a novel method, expression vectors, and host cells for producing nicotinic acid riboside by regulating the pathways that lead to the production of nicotinic acid riboside.

The invention relates to the use of a pharmaceutical composition containing nicotinamide (NAM) and/or pyruvate as a neuroprotective medicament or gene therapy in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, in particular axon degeneration of neuronal tissue in ocular-related neurodegeneration diseases including glaucoma.

Disclosed herein are novel compositions and methods for the treatment of age-related diseases, mitochondrial diseases, the improvement of stress resistance, the improvement of resistance to hypoxia and the extension of life span. Also described herein are methods for the identification of agents useful in the foregoing methods.

Methods and compositions are provided for the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

The invention relates to methods for treatment and prevention of cancer by administering agents that increase levels of NAD+, such as NAD+ precursors or agents involved in NAD+ biosynthesis.

Compositions and methods for treating a mammalian subject for an axonopathy, including an optic nerve axonopathy, e.g. glaucoma. Aspects of the composition include a mammalian viral vector, comprising a ?-synuclein promoter, or functional fragment thereof, that promotes expression of a NMNTA2 transgene specifically in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Aspects of the methods include intravitreally administering the composition to treat the subject for an ON neuropathy.

Methods and compositions for preventing or treating peripheral neuropathy, cognitive deficits, inactivity, depression, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy and cognitive deficits, and improving cognitive performance, in a subject in need thereof are disclosed. The disclosed methods include the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of an agent that increases the level of NAD.sup.+ in the subject.

Disclosed herein are novel compositions and methods for the treatment of age-related diseases, mitochondrial diseases, the improvement of stress resistance, the improvement of resistance to hypoxia and the extension of life span. Also described herein are methods for the identification of agents useful in the foregoing methods. Methods and compositions are provided for the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. The invention relates to methods for treatment and prevention of cancer by administering agents that increase levels of NAD+, such as NAD+ precursors or agents involved in NAD+ biosynthesis.

The invention discloses a genetically engineered bacterium in which the gene encoding adenine deaminase on the genome of the bacterium is knocked out or/and the gene encoding the enzyme in the NAD.sup.+ anabolic pathway is integrated on the genome of the bacterium. The invention also discloses a construction method of the above-mentioned genetically engineered bacteria. The gene encoding adenine deaminase on the genome of the host strain is knocked out to obtain a strain with high NAD.sup.+ yield. Or the expression cassettes of the gene encoding the enzyme in the NAD.sup.+ synthesis pathway are constructed separately, and then the enzyme encoding The gene expression cassette is integrated into the genome of the host strain whose gene encoding adenine deaminase is knocked out to construct a strain with high NAD.sup.+ production. The application of the above genetically engineered bacteria is disclosed. A method of producing NAD.sup.+ is disclosed.