The invention provides improved methods for synthesizing polynucleotides, such as DNA and RNA, using enzymes and specially designed nucleotide analogs. Using the methods of the invention, specific sequences of polynucleotides can be synthesized de nova, base by base, in an aqueous environment, without the use of a nucleic acid template. Because the nucleotide analogs have an unmodified 3 OH, i.e., as found in natural deoxyribose and ribose molecules, the analogs result in natural polynucleotides suitable for incorporation into biological systems.

The present disclosure relates to a novel regulatory element for enhancing RNA stability or mRNA translation; ZCCHC2 interacting with the regulatory element; and uses thereof. Being capable of increasing the expression of a target protein, the novel regulatory element for enhancing RNA stability or mRNA translation; and ZCCHC2 interacting with regulatory element according to the present disclosure are applicable in various fields, depending on the uses of the target protein.

A method for the production of proteins used in the in vitro transcription (IVT) of messenger RNA (mRNA), wherein the proteins are evaluated for purity and efficacy by the efficiency with which mRNA synthetically derived therefrom, subsequently transfects cells and produces encoded proteins.

Disclosed are a polynucleotide with improved stability in vivo, a producing method thereof, and a method of improving the stability of polynucleotide in vivo.

A method for the production of proteins used in the in vitro transcription (IVT) of messenger RNA (mRNA), wherein the proteins are evaluated for purity and efficacy by the efficiency with which mRNA synthetically derived therefrom, subsequently transfects cells and produces encoded proteins.