The present invention relates to substituted pyrimidinium compounds of formula (I), to the stereoisomers, salts, tautomers and N-oxides thereof and to compositions comprising such compounds. The invention also relates to methods and uses of these substituted pyrimidinium compounds and of compositions thereof, for combating and controlling animal pests. Furthermore, the invention relates also to pesticidal methods of applying such substituted pyrimidinium compounds. The substituted pyrimidinium compounds of the present invention are defined by the following general formula (I), wherein X, Y, Z, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A and R.sup.3 are defined as in the description.

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Use of a composition as a barrier to molluscs is disclosed. The composition comprises a combustion product or an alkaline material and is in granular form. The granular composition may be effective and long-acting in such a use due to improved weather resistance compared to loose combustion product or alkaline material. A method of producing such a granular composition comprising a combustion product or an alkaline material and a barrier method preventing access to plants by molluscs with said granular composition comprising a combustion product or an alkaline material are also disclosed. A granular composition comprising at least 98 wt % of a combustion product or an alkaline material, wherein at least 98% of the granules have a size of from 0.5 to 10.0 mm is also disclosed.

A composition and methods of using the composition for the control of mollusks are provided, which include an effective amount of one or more isolated Phasmarhabditis nematodes, wherein at least one of the isolated nematodes is P. californica, P. papillosa or P. hermaphrodita, and wherein the P. hermaphrodita does not comprise Moraxella osloensis.

Methods and systems for killing, preventing, or inhibiting the growth and spread of invasive Dreissenid mussel species, such as Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and Quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) are provided herein. The treatment methods and systems utilize a composition comprising a source of solids (such as a source of fibrous material) and an attractant, which is introduced to a body of water. The composition effectively kills or prevents the spreading of the invasive mussel species in the bodies of water. The methods and systems of the present invention advantageously avoid the use of heavy metals or pesticides that may pose health risks to humans. Additionally, embodiments of the present invention can use treatment doses that are nonharmful to other aquatic life.

Disclosed herein are pest control, e.g., biopesticide or biorepellent, compositions including a plurality of plant messenger packs (e.g., including a plant extracellular vesicle (EV), or segment, portion, or extract thereof) that are useful in methods for decreasing the fitness of pests (e.g., agriculture pests) and/or increasing the fitness of a plant.

A composition and methods of using the composition for the control of mollusks are provided, which include an effective amount of one or more isolated Phasmarhabditis nematodes, wherein at least one of the isolated nematodes is P. californica, P. papillosa or P. hermaphrodita, and wherein the P. hermaphrodita does not comprise Moraxella osloensis.

A composition and methods of using the composition for the control of mollusks are provided, which include an effective amount of one or more isolated Phasmarhabditis nematodes, wherein at least one of the isolated nematodes is P. californica, P. papillosa or P. hermaphrodita, and wherein the P. hermaphrodita does not comprise Moraxella osloensis.

The current disclosure includes various seed treatments. Some of these treatments comprise metaldehyde, saponin, and an agriculturally acceptable film coating composition. Some of the treatments include saponin. Some of the treatments include metaldehyde in powder form. This disclosure also includes methods of coating seeds with such seed treatments, and also apparatus for doing do. In some examples, the seed treatments are configured to repel molluscs.

A molluscicidal dosage form is provided and includes one or more microcapsule shells containing a fill, the shell including a water insoluble material which is digestible by a mollusc and the fill including an aldehyde selected from the group consisting of aldehydes of formula RCHO wherein R is a saturated C.sub.3-C.sub.12 alkyl or mixtures thereof.

A molluscicidal dosage form is provided and includes one or more microcapsule shells containing a fill, the shell including a water insoluble material which is digestible by a mollusc and the fill including an aldehyde selected from the group consisting of aldehydes of formula RCHO wherein R is a saturated C.sub.3-C.sub.12 alkyl or mixtures thereof.