A method to produce cheese chips, consisting in provides that cut cheese slices are frozen and then raised by means of rapid water evaporation due to the application of microwave and vacuum drying. The freezing step is preceded by drying and cooling, and the raised cheese chips containing cheese and flavourings are characterised in that their density does not exceed 0.46 g/cm.sup.3, the porosity does exceed 40%, and the crunchiness does exceed 4.

A substance is treated using a device having: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the opening of the throat along the central axis, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector and spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is directed to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources as the substance passes through the device.

A pulsed electric field processing apparatus includes: a pulsed power supply that generates a pulse voltage; a pair of electrodes that generates a pulse electric field; a processing chamber that is disposed between the electrodes and includes a space through which a processing target object in a liquid state passes and in which the pulse electric field is generated; a temperature computing unit that computes a processing temperature that is a temperature of the processing target object in the processing chamber on the basis of a resistance value and a preset calibration value, the resistance value being acquired from the pulse voltage and a pulse current flowing through the processing target object in the processing chamber when the pulse voltage is applied to the electrodes; and a power supply control unit that controls the pulsed power supply on the basis of the processing temperature and a preset target temperature.

A pulsed electric field processing apparatus includes: a pulsed power supply that generates a pulse voltage; a pair of electrodes that generates a pulse electric field; a processing chamber that is disposed between the electrodes and includes a space through which a processing target object in a liquid state passes and in which the pulse electric field is generated; a temperature computing unit that computes a processing temperature that is a temperature of the processing target object in the processing chamber on the basis of a resistance value and a preset calibration value, the resistance value being acquired from the pulse voltage and a pulse current flowing through the processing target object in the processing chamber when the pulse voltage is applied to the electrodes; and a power supply control unit that controls the pulsed power supply on the basis of the processing temperature and a preset target temperature.

A portable UV sterilising device comprising a proximal portion configured to be held by a hand of a user, a distal portion coupled to the proximal portion, and a plurality of UV light sources positioned at the distal portion. The UV light sources are spaced around the distal portion and configured to project UV light outside the distal portion. A control unit positioned at least partly within the proximal portion and is electrically coupled to the plurality of UV light sources. When the UV sterilising device is activated, the control unit controls the UV light sources to project UV light radially around at least a part of the distal portion.