A crystalline pigment or colorant composition having high color intensity and/or low sugar content, and methods and processes of preparation. The composition may comprise purified fruit and/or vegetable color juices.

A distillation apparatus is disclosed herein. The distillation apparatus comprises an evaporation chamber, a heat source arranged to provide heat to the evaporation chamber, one or more condensing chambers located at least partially inside the evaporation chamber, a fluid inlet connected to the evaporation chamber, one or more fluid outlets attached to the one or more condensing chambers and a vapour compressor pump. Also disclosed is a liquid ring pump suitable for use with such a distillation apparatus, the pump comprising a pump body, a pump compression chamber provided within the pump body, a rotor mounted within the compression chamber, a rotor axle to mount said rotor, the rotor being provided with one or more ceramic bearings to mount it to the rotor axle.

A heat and mass transfer system configured to be a passive system using gravitational force to form a thin liquid film flow on an outer surface of a flow distribution head and downstream conduit member to subject the thin liquid film to heat transfer mediums. The at least partially spherical flow distribution head creates a uniform thin flow of liquid on the outer surface increasing the efficiency of the heat and mass transfer system. The heat and mass transfer system may include a heat transfer medium supply system in fluid communication with internal aspects of the downstream conduit such that a heat transfer medium flows within the downstream conduit while the liquid film flows on the outer surface of the downstream conduit. Rather than conventional sheet flow on inner surfaces of a conduit, the flow distribution head enables sheet flow to be formed on an outside surface of a component.

A vaporizer includes an outer tube configured to receive a flow of heated gas and an inner tube disposed at least partially within the outer tube. The inner tube is spaced apart from the outer tube such that the flow of heated gas is channeled through an annular space therebetween. The vaporizer also includes a crucible disposed at least partially within the inner tube. The crucible is extendable and retractable relative to the inner tube and within the outer tube. The crucible is configured to hold a molten metal such that a surface area of the molten metal exposed to the flow of heated gas is adjustable based on the position of the crucible relative to the inner tube. A heater is configured to vaporize the molten material and the vapor mixes with the flow of heated gas.

Process for the removal of volatile compounds from a tackifier comprising a resin with repeating units of formula I wherein R.sup.1 is a linear or branched alkylen group with 1 to 10 carbon atoms and R.sup.2 is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated N aliphatic hydrocarbon group with up to 20 carbon atoms, and optionally a plasticizer, wherein the tackifier is passed through at least one evaporator as film and the volatile compounds are removed from the film. ##STR00001##

The application provides in an aspect a process for producing urea in a urea plant comprising a high pressure synthesis section comprising a reactor, wherein the process comprises reacting NH.sub.3 feed and CO.sub.2 feed under urea formation conditions in said reactor to form a urea synthesis solution comprising urea, water, carbamate and ammonia, wherein the process further comprises contacting a carbamate-containing liquid stream with an equipment part of said high pressure synthesis section that is made of a ferritic steel alloy.

The present disclosure relates to distillation apparatus, especially such apparatus that may be deployed within a commercial, domestic or near-Domestic situation to provide distilled water on demand. The distillation apparatus comprising an evaporation chamber, a condensation chamber, a heat source, the heat source being arranged to supply heat to at least part of the evaporation chamber, a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and a vapour compression pump, wherein the condensation chamber surrounds at least part of the evaporation chamber.

A method for purification of a styrene-containing feedstock includes steps of introducing the styrene-containing feedstock into the middle of an extractive distillation column, and a solvent for the extractive distillation into the upper part of the column; discharging a raffinate oil from the top of the column, and a rich solvent rich in styrene from the bottom of the column. The rich solvent is then introduced into the middle of the solvent recovery column for vacuum distillation to obtain a crude styrene from the top of the solvent recovery column, and a lean solvent is discharged from the bottom of the solvent recovery column and recycled to the upper part of the extractive distillation column. A portion of the rich solvent is sent to a solvent purification zone for a liquid-liquid extraction using water to obtain a mixture of a styrene polymer and styrene.

Falling film evaporator systems, devices, and methods are disclosed in the present application. In some embodiments, the falling film evaporator system can include a hollow cylindrical glass tube configured to enclose the major parts of the falling film evaporator system. Furthermore, in some embodiments, inserted into the cylindrical glass tube is another hollow evaporator tube with a dispensing bowl at the top, a reservoir of the dispending bowl facing the inside top of the cylindrical glass tube. Inserted into the hollow evaporator tube is a heating element configured to heat the hollow evaporator tube such that an outside surface of the evaporator tube is heated. At the top of the hollow cylindrical glass is an inlet where liquid flows into the dispensing bowl, spilling over the edges of the bowl, generating a thin film of liquid that is evaporated as it falls down the outside surface of the evaporator tube.

A vaporizer includes an outer tube configured to receive a flow of heated gas and an inner tube disposed at least partially within the outer tube. The inner tube is spaced apart from the outer tube such that the flow of heated gas is channeled through an annular space therebetween. The vaporizer also includes a crucible disposed at least partially within the inner tube. The crucible is extendable and retractable relative to the inner tube and within the outer tube. The crucible is configured to hold a molten metal such that a surface area of the molten metal exposed to the flow of heated gas is adjustable based on the position of the crucible relative to the inner tube. A heater is configured to vaporize the molten material and the vapor mixes with the flow of heated gas.