Systems and methods for using a filtration medium coated with a zwitterionic polyelectrolyte to treat various fluids including, but not limited to, fracturing fluids and drilling muds recovered at a rig site. In some embodiments, the systems include: a fluid treatment system for treating a treatment fluid, wherein the fluid treatment system includes a treatment unit including an inlet for receiving a treatment fluid stream into the treatment unit, a first filtration medium including a porous substrate at least partially coated with a zwitterionic polyelectrolyte, wherein the first filtration medium separates a first portion of the treatment fluid stream from a second portion of the treatment fluid stream, wherein the first portion of the treatment fluid stream includes water, a first outlet on a first side of the first filtration medium, and a second outlet on a second side of the first filtration medium opposite the first side.

We provide methods, systems, and apparatus for treatment of high chemical oxygen demand wastewater using anaerobic treatment with ceramic membranes. We also provide post-treatment using microbial fuel cells.

A method for reusing wastewater by using reverse osmosis, according to the present invention, provides a method for preparing pure water through a primary reverse osmosis step, a secondary reverse osmosis step, a foam generation step, and a reverse osmosis membrane washing step. The present invention prepares pure water through several reverse osmosis steps, thereby enabling prepared pure water to be immediately used as industrial water, and washes a reverse osmosis membrane with foam, thereby improving washing efficiency and saving on maintenance costs of a wastewater reuse apparatus.

Method and apparatus are disclosed for maximizing the generation of large-scale renewable energy (LSRE) by pressure-enhanced osmosis (PEO) and synergistic effects, in which a PEO module is designed by increasing the maximum power generation by increase of the dilution factor β to enhance a power output beyond ten times of the conventional PRO method, and even more power can be generated by the PEO method by incorporation with synergistic effects to form two types of PEO systems: (1) a surficial PEO system, in which the synergistic effects are achieved through combined effects of FO and nanofiltration (NF) or ultrafiltration (UF), and application of an energy exchange and fluid recovery device for re-concentration and reuse of the draw solution, (2) a subsurface PEO system, synergistic effects are achieved through application of the gravitational potential, application of waste heat from power generation, and application of an uplift chamber.

To enhance diffusive mass transfer of small molecules and convective clearance of middle molecules, the present invention provides a cylindrical hemodialyzer which comprises a blood compartment having a packed bundle of hollow fibers in a doughnut configuration on a radial cross-section, and a motorized dialysate compartment comprising a dialysate inlet motor having an external stator and an internal rotor connected to an axial spiral flow converter slidably inserted in a center of the packed bundle of the hollow fibers. The cylindrical hemodialyzer is configured to recirculate dialysate across the packed bundle of the hollow fibers propelled by the dialysate inlet motor. A dialysate outlet motor of the motorized dialysate compartment having an external stator and an internal rotor is configured to drain the dialysate and to control ultrafiltration by said cylindrical hemodialyzer.

We provide methods, systems, and apparatus for treatment of high chemical oxygen demand wastewater using anaerobic treatment with ceramic membranes. We also provide post-treatment using microbial fuel cells.

A reverse osmosis main plant which may receive non-potable water and discharge out permeate through a permeate out line and concentrate through a concentrate line is disclosed.

A filter unit (20, 320, 420, 820, 1020) is provided that includes a filtration chamber (30, 330, 430, 830, 1030) and a filter assembly (32, 132, 232, 432, 532, 632, 732, 832, 1032). A filter cartridge (28, 128, 328, 428, 528, 728, 828, 1028) of the filter assembly (32, 132, 232, 432, 532, 632, 732, 832, 1032) includes a support shell (44, 144, 344, 444, 744, 844) and a filter (60, 860) coupled to a support-shell side wall (50, 350, 850) so as to cover support-shell side openings (52, 352, 852). A handle (62, 162, 262, 362, 662, 762, 862, 1062) of the filter assembly (32, 132, 232, 432, 532, 632, 732, 832, 1032) is coupled to a proximal end of the support shell (44, 144, 344, 444, 744, 844). The filter assembly (32, 132, 232, 432, 532, 632, 732, 832, 1032) is partially insertable into the filtration chamber (30, 330, 430, 830, 1030), such that the filter assembly (32, 132, 232, 432, 532, 632, 732, 832, 1032) passes through a filter-assembly opening (40, 840) of the filtration chamber (30, 330, 430, 830, 1030); the handle (62, 162, 262, 362, 662, 762, 862, 1062) is disposed outside the filtration chamber (30, 330, 430, 830, 1030); and the filter cartridge (28, 128, 328, 428, 528, 728, 828, 1028) is disposed within the filtration chamber (30, 330, 430, 830, 1030). The filter (60, 860) is configured to filter biological particulate from a liquid specimen sample (22) when the liquid specimen sample (22) is driven along a fluid flow path (68, 868) while the filter cartridge (28, 128, 328, 428, 528, 728, 828, 1028) is disposed within the filtration chamber (30, 330, 430, 830, 1030). Other embodiments are also described.

A reverse osmosis apparatus including a reverse osmosis unit having a housing; a cylindrical drum rotatably disposed inside the housing wherein a lateral gap therebetween defines a intervening chamber, and including an outer cylindrical wall and an inner cylindrical wall to define an inner cylindrical feed chamber and an outer annular separation chamber therewithin; and at least one channeling structure defining a permeate channel extending radially from the inner cylindrical wall to the outer cylindrical wall, wherein a first channel end is closed and a second channel end opens into the intervening chamber. The at least one channeling structure including a membrane element extending lengthwise forming a semi-permeable interface between the permeate channel and a feed-flow-region in fluid communication with the inner cylindrical feed chamber. The apparatus including a pump to pressurize the inner cylindrical feed chamber, and a motor to rotate the cylindrical drum for generating centrifugal force.

We provide methods, systems, and apparatus for treatment of high chemical oxygen demand wastewater using anaerobic treatment with ceramic membranes. We also provide post-treatment using microbial fuel cells.