Processes, apparatuses, and systems for the production, separation and purification of radioisotopes for medical, industrial, agricultural, and energy applications are disclosed. The following operations are performed: selective adsorption of at least one radionuclide to a solid support and desorption of the at least one absorbed radionuclide by evaporation; or electrochemical separation of the at least one radionuclide by electrochemically depositing either the at least one radionuclide or the target material on a metallic electrode; or removing the target material by high temperature sublimation under vacuum or in an inert atmosphere, if the at least one radionuclide is less volatile than the target material.

The invention provides a method for recovering 3-Helium (3He) from natural Helium (He), comprising the following steps: supplying the feed stream comprising natural liquid helium from an appropriate liquid helium source; introducing a feed stream into a rectification column system; condensing at least a first portion of a vapour stream comprising 3He enriched Helium in the intermediate section of the rectification system, condensing at least a second portion of a vapour stream comprising 3He enriched Helium in the upper section of the rectification system by heat exchange with colder liquid Helium; merging and compressing of the low-pressure vaporous streams; withdrawing an overhead stream comprising 3He enriched Helium from a top section of the rectification system as a product; withdrawing a bottom stream comprising 3He depleted Helium from a bottom section of the rectification system; withdrawing of a vaporous helium stream from the lower part of the rectification system.

The invention provides a method for recovering 3-Helium (3He) from natural Helium (He), comprising the following steps: supplying the feed stream comprising natural liquid helium from an appropriate liquid helium source; introducing a feed stream into a rectification column system; condensing at least a first portion of a vapour stream comprising 3He enriched Helium in the intermediate section of the rectification system, condensing at least a second portion of a vapour stream comprising 3He enriched Helium in the upper section of the rectification system by heat exchange with colder liquid Helium; merging and compressing of the low-pressure vaporous streams; withdrawing an overhead stream comprising 3He enriched Helium from a top section of the rectification system as a product; withdrawing a bottom stream comprising 3He depleted Helium from a bottom section of the rectification system; withdrawing of a vaporous helium stream from the lower part of the rectification system.

An apparatus for producing Pb-212. The apparatus comprises an emanation box that comprises an emanation source comprising a porous non-reactive material. The emanation box receives at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224, wherein the at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224 decays to Rn-220 within the emanation box. The apparatus further includes a carrier gas feed coupled to the emanation box. The carrier gas feed directs an inert gas into the emanation box and the inert gas carries the Rn-220 out of the emanation box through a carrier gas exit port of the emanation box. The apparatus also includes one or more Rn-220 targets coupled to the carrier gas exit port. The carrier gas carries the Rn-220 from the emanation box to the one or more Rn-220 targets and the Rn-220 decays into Pb-212 within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The Pb-212 is directed into the Pb-212 collection container.

Techniques for forming a nanopore in a lipid bilayer are described herein. In one example, an agitation stimulus level such as an electrical agitation stimulus is applied to a lipid bilayer wherein the agitation stimulus level tends to facilitate the formation of nanopores in the lipid bilayer. In some embodiments, a change in an electrical property of the lipid bilayer resulting from the formation of the nanopore in the lipid bilayer is detected, and a nanopore has formed in the lipid bilayer is determined based on the detected change in the lipid bilayer electrical property.

Provided are apparatus and methods for enriching and separating isotopologues or isotopes. The apparatus and methods enrich and/or separate isotopes or isotopologues present in a substantially monovelocity supersonic beam incident upon a solid surface comprising condensed forms of the isotopologues or the isotopes via the differential condensation of the different isotopologues or isotopes on the surface or the differential reflection of the different isotopologues or isotopes from the surface.

Provided are apparatus and methods for enriching and separating isotopologues or isotopes. The apparatus and methods enrich and/or separate isotopes or isotopologues present in a substantially monovelocity supersonic beam incident upon a solid surface comprising condensed forms of the isotopologues or the isotopes via the differential condensation of the different isotopologues or isotopes on the surface or the differential reflection of the different isotopologues or isotopes from the surface.

Described is a particle filtration system that protects a gas segregation region from lunar regolith dust by using, among other filtration elements, an integrated electromagnetic and electrostatic dust repelling system. The system includes a particle intake chamber with a particle repelling screen comprising a planar array of conductive wires energized with phase-shifted alternating current to generate a time-varying magnetic field. This field repels iron-rich dust particles laterally. An ionizing element located between the particle repelling screen and the gas segregation region. The ionizing element generates one or more electron curtains that charge neutral dust particles, which are then drawn to paired conductive plates via electrostatic attraction. A final-stage ULPA mesh filter captures any remaining particles, ensuring only gas enters the gas segregation region. This design enhances dust mitigation, improves gas collection efficiency, and protects sensitive components in harsh extraterrestrial environments.

A split collection crucible assembly that includes a collection crucible and a collection cooling plate comprising a first plate portion removably coupled to a second plate portion, wherein when the first plate portion and the second plate portion are in an engaged position, a crucible slot is formed between the first plate portion and the second plate portion and the collection crucible is positionable in the crucible slot.

A split collection crucible assembly that includes a collection crucible and a collection cooling plate comprising a first plate portion removably coupled to a second plate portion, wherein when the first plate portion and the second plate portion are in an engaged position, a crucible slot is formed between the first plate portion and the second plate portion and the collection crucible is positionable in the crucible slot.