Provided are apparatus and methods for enriching and separating isotopologues or isotopes. The apparatus and methods enrich and/or separate isotopes or isotopologues present in a substantially monovelocity supersonic beam incident upon a solid surface comprising condensed forms of the isotopologues or the isotopes via the differential condensation of the different isotopologues or isotopes on the surface or the differential reflection of the different isotopologues or isotopes from the surface.

An apparatus for producing Pb-212. The apparatus comprises an emanation box that comprises an emanation source comprising a porous non-reactive material. The emanation box receives at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224, wherein the at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224 decays to Rn-220 within the emanation box. The apparatus further includes a carrier gas feed coupled to the emanation box. The carrier gas feed directs an inert gas into the emanation box and the inert gas carries the Rn-220 out of the emanation box through a carrier gas exit port of the emanation box. The apparatus also includes one or more Rn-220 targets coupled to the carrier gas exit port. The carrier gas carries the Rn-220 from the emanation box to the one or more Rn-220 targets and the Rn-220 decays into Pb-212 within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The Pb-212 is directed into the Pb-212 collection container.

The present disclosure relates to a membrane extraction apparatus for extracting a component from a first liquid. The apparatus may incorporate a housing comprised of first and second mating housing halves, with each housing half having an open faced channel formed therein such that the channels at least partially overlay one another when the two housing halves are secured together. A membrane filter is disposed between the two housing halves to overlay the open faced channels. The membrane filter extracts the component from the first liquid and transfers the component into the second liquid as the first and second liquids flow through the first and second housing halves.

The present disclosure relates to a membrane extraction apparatus for extracting a component from a first liquid. The apparatus may incorporate a housing comprised of first and second mating housing halves, with each housing half having an open faced channel formed therein such that the channels at least partially overlay one another when the two housing halves are secured together. A membrane filter is disposed between the two housing halves to overlay the open faced channels. The membrane filter extracts the component from the first liquid and transfers the component into the second liquid as the first and second liquids flow through the first and second housing halves.

An apparatus for producing Pb-212. The apparatus comprises an emanation box that comprises an emanation source comprising a porous non-reactive material. The emanation box receives at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224, wherein the at least one of Th-228 and Ra-224 decays to Rn-220 within the emanation box. The apparatus further includes a carrier gas feed coupled to the emanation box. The carrier gas feed directs an inert gas into the emanation box and the inert gas carries the Rn-220 out of the emanation box through a carrier gas exit port of the emanation box. The apparatus also includes one or more Rn-220 targets coupled to the carrier gas exit port. The carrier gas carries the Rn-220 from the emanation box to the one or more Rn-220 targets and the Rn-220 decays into Pb-212 within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The Pb-212 is directed into the Pb-212 collection container.

A method for producing Pb-212 isotope comprises introducing Th-228 into an emanation box. The emanation box comprises an emanation source comprising a high-surface area material. The method also includes introducing a carrier gas into the emanation box through a carrier gas feed. The method also includes separating the Rn-220 from the carrier gas in the one or more Rn-220 targets, directing the carrier gas out of the one or more Rn-220 targets through a carrier gas exhaust port, directing a liquid through a liquid feed into the one or more Rn-220 targets, and allowing the Rn-220 to undergo radioactive decay into Pb-212 isotope within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The liquid dissolves the Pb-212 isotope produced by radioactive decay of Rn-220 within the one or more Rn-220 targets. The method further includes directing the liquid containing the Pb-212 isotope from the one or more Rn-220 targets to a Pb-212 collection container, and separating the Pb-212 isotope from the liquid.

A method for recovering isotopologues from a gas stream is provided with a wet scrubber column, which includes a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet, a gas inlet, a gas outlet, and a plurality of bubble cap trays. An initial gas stream is enriched with isotopologues, while an initial aqueous liquid is depleted of isotopologues. The initial gas stream is countercurrently contacting the initial aqueous solution through the bubble cap trays as the initial gas stream traverses from the gas inlet to the gas outlet and as the initial aqueous liquid traverses from the liquid inlet to the liquid outlet. A processed gas stream is then captured from the gas outlet and is depleted of isotopologues. Simultaneously, a processed aqueous liquid is captured from the liquid outlet and is enriched with isotopologues.

The present disclosure relates to a membrane extraction apparatus for extracting a component from a first liquid. The apparatus may incorporate a housing comprised of first and second mating housing halves, with each housing half having an open faced channel formed therein such that the channels at least partially overlay one another when the two housing halves are secured together. A membrane filter is disposed between the two housing halves to overlay the open faced channels. The membrane filter extracts the component from the first liquid and transfers the component into the second liquid as the first and second liquids flow through the first and second housing halves.

The present disclosure relates to a membrane extraction apparatus for extracting a component from a first liquid. The apparatus may incorporate a housing comprised of first and second mating housing halves, with each housing half having an open faced channel formed therein such that the channels at least partially overlay one another when the two housing halves are secured together. A membrane filter is disposed between the two housing halves to overlay the open faced channels. The membrane filter extracts the component from the first liquid and transfers the component into the second liquid as the first and second liquids flow through the first and second housing halves.

An isotope separation method, including introducing a first reactant stream (109), containing a natural abundance of at least one desired isotopologue molecule, a second reactant stream (110), and a recycle stream (112) into a photochemical reactor (101), thus producing a raw product stream (115), introducing the raw product stream (115) into a separation device (116), thus producing at least a product stream (117), a gas filter stream (113), and the recycle stream (112), and introducing at least a portion of the gas filter stream (113) into an unconventional (gas) filter (103), wherein the product stream (117) includes the at least one desired isotopologue molecule.