A filter structure includes a housing having an inlet and an outlet; a first filter embedded in the housing and including a polymer membrane for filtering a first fluid flowing from the inlet into the housing; and a second filter embedded in the housing, filtering a second fluid filtered by the first filter, and including mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN).

Composite polyether block amide (PEBA) copolymer tubes incorporate an ultra-thin PEBA layer that enables rapid moisture transfer and exchange through the tube. A composite PEBA film may include a porous scaffold support and may be formed or incorporated into the composite PEBA tube. A porous scaffold support may be coated or imbibed with PEBA to form a composite PEBA film. A composite PEBA film may be wrapped on a mandrel or over a porous scaffold support to form a composite PEBA tube. A film layer may be applied over a wrapped composite PEBA film to secure the layers together. The film layer by applied by dipping, spraying or painting.

Composite polyether block amide (PEBA) copolymer tubes incorporate an ultra-thin PEBA layer that enables rapid moisture transfer and exchange through the tube. A composite PEBA film may include a porous scaffold support and may be formed or incorporated into the composite PEBA tube. A porous scaffold support may be coated or imbibed with PEBA to form a composite PEBA film. A composite PEBA film may be wrapped on a mandrel or over a porous scaffold support to form a composite PEBA tube. A film layer may be applied over a wrapped composite PEBA film to secure the layers together. The film layer by applied by dipping, spraying or painting.

Ammonia is made in a system that includes a conversion reactor for performing a Haber-Bosch process. Effluent streams from the conversion reactor, which include an ammonia component and excess hydrogen and nitrogen reactants, are fed to a membrane separator that includes NaA zeolite membranes disposed on one or more hollow porous supports. The NaA zeolite membranes are highly selective for the ammonia component, allowing the ammonia to be collected from a lumen of the membranes as a product and enriching the excess hydrogen and nitrogen reactants for reuse in the conversion reactor. These systems and the methods of their use are effective to replace and/or modify the energy-intensive condensation/recycling steps in the traditional Haber-Bosch process used to condense NH3 from the exiting stream of the reactor. The selective removal of ammonia by high quality NaA membranes helps to shift the ammonia evolution reaction.

Described are filter cartridges, filter apparatuses, and related methods that involve a filter cartridge that includes a cartridge support that includes centering surfaces, a helical strand, or both.

Reactor/separator elements for performing the generation and/or separation of hydrogen gas with improved efficiency have a central core and a separation layer that, in combination, define at least one spiral gas flow channel extending from one end of the central core to the opposite end of the central core. In use, the reactor/separator element may be placed in a housing which constrains gas on the outside of the reactor/separator element into the spiral channel defined by the outside of the separation layer.

The present invention relates to a tangential flow separator element for separating a fluid medium for treatment into a filtrate and a retentate, said separator element having a monolithic rigid porous support (2) of rectilinear structure and having a single channel (3) arranged therein for passing the flow of the fluid medium for treatment, the outside surface (5) of the support presenting a profile that is constant. According to the invention, the monolithic rigid porous support (2) defines obstacles (9) to the flow of the fluid for filtering, which obstacles extend from the inside wall (3.sub.1) of said channel (3), are identical in material and porous texture to the support, and present continuity of material and of porous texture with the support, said obstacles (9) generating variations in the flow section of the channel.

The invention relates to a monolithic tangential flow separator element for separating a fluid medium for treatment, the element comprising a rectilinear rigid porous support (2) of three-dimensional structure having formed therein at least one channel (3) for passing a flow of the fluid medium for treatment in order to recover a filtrate at the peripheral surface of the support. The monolithic rigid porous support (2) includes obstacles (9) to the flow of the fluid for filtering on or in the inside wall(s)) of the channel(s), the obstacles presenting identity of material and of porous texture with the support, and also presenting continuity of material and of porous texture with the support.

A filtration material having a second fibrous layer (downstream drainage layer) with a length that is shorter than the length of the first fibrous material (upstream drainage layer) is provided. At least the first fibrous material is meltable. In forming the filtration material, the second fibrous layer may be cut to a predetermined length while the porous membrane and the first fibrous layer maintain their length. The length of the second fibrous layer may be substantially the same as the length of the outer cage. The filtration material is disposed within the outer cage such that the first fibrous layer and the porous membrane protrude from the cage member. When positioning an end cap onto the filtration material, heat is applied and the first fibrous layer melts and bonds to the end cap at a melt interface. The filtration material is free from thermoplastic strips and imbibed thermoplastic material(s).

The present invention relates to a tangential flow separator element for separating a fluid medium for treatment into a filtrate and a retentate, said separator element comprising a monolithic rigid porous support (2) of rectilinear structure with a plurality of channels (3) formed therein for passing a flow of the fluid medium for treatment between an inlet (6) and an outlet (7) for the retentate, in order to recover a filtrate from the outside surface (5) of the support.

According to the invention, the monolithic rigid porous support (2) defines obstacles (9) to the flow of the fluid for treatment, which obstacles extend from the inside walls (31) of said channels, are identical in material and porous texture to the support, and present continuity of material and of porous texture with the support, the obstacles (9) generating variations in the flow sections of the channels.