Provided are a porous substrate structure and a manufacturing method thereof. The porous substrate structure includes a substrate, an anodic aluminum oxide layer and a double metal oxide layer. The substrate has a plurality of pores. The anodic aluminum oxide layer is disposed on the substrate. The double metal oxide layer is disposed on the anodic aluminum oxide layer.

A method for producing electrical energy. An electrolyte solution having a first concentration C.sub.A of a solute is placed in a first vessel having an electrode arranged so the electrode is contacted with the electrolyte solution of concentration C.sub.A. An electrolyte solution having a concentration C.sub.B of the same solute is placed in a second vessel having an electrode arranged so the electrode comes in contact with the electrolyte solution of concentration C.sub.B, the concentration C.sub.B being lower than the concentration C.sub.A. The first and the second vessels are separated by a membrane, the membrane having at least one nanochannel arranged to allow diffusion of the electrolyte solution from the first vessel to the second vessel through the at least one nanochannel. An inner surface of the at least one nanochannel is formed of at least one titanium oxide. Electrical energy generated by a potential difference existing between the electrodes is captured using a device having the first and second vessels.

A hybrid type filtration structure for filtering liquid includes a first active layer, a porous supporting layer and a permeable layer. The first active layer has a first nano pore inner wall of which a function group included compound is combined with. The porous supporting layer has a plurality of pores and is disposed under the first active layer. The permeable layer is disposed under the porous supporting layer. The porous supporting layer includes a plurality of lipid bilayers having membrane protein inside of the pore, a molecule of water selectively passes through the membrane protein. The first nano pore passes through the first active layer vertically. The first nano pore and the pore are connected with each other through which liquid flows.

Provided are a porous substrate structure and a manufacturing method thereof. The porous substrate structure includes a substrate, an anodic aluminum oxide layer and a double metal oxide layer. The substrate has a plurality of pores. The anodic aluminum oxide layer is disposed on the substrate. The double metal oxide layer is disposed on the anodic aluminum oxide layer.

A method of manufacturing a nano-structured aluminum oxide film. The first step involves degreasing an aluminum plate using a degreasing solution. The next step involves electropolishing the aluminum plate after degreasing with an electropolishing solution that is free of perchloric acid and chromic acid. The next step involves pre-anodizing the aluminum plate after electropolishing with an anodization acid solution for a first predetermined time period. The next step involves anodizing the aluminum plate after electropolishing with the anodization acid solution for a second predetermined time period to form an anodized membrane on the aluminum plate. The next step involves separating the anodized membrane from the aluminum plate with a solution free of chrome. The last step involves cleaning the anodized membrane.

A filter device includes one or more filter membranes, and a filter housing enclosing the one or more filter membranes. Each of the filter membranes includes a base membrane made of a ceramic material, and a plurality of through holes. The base membrane is coated with a coating material.

The present disclosure is related to porous media with adjustable fluid permeabilities and related systems and methods. In certain cases, the fluid permeability of a porous medium can be adjusted by applying an electrical potential to the porous medium. In some such cases, the application of the electrical potential to the porous medium results in the deposition of material over or the removal of material from the porous medium. Also disclosed herein are systems and methods for capturing species (e.g., acid gases) in which porous media with adjustable fluid permeabilities are used, for example, to control the flow of fluid into and out of a medium used to capture the species.

A method for producing electrical energy. An electrolyte solution having a first concentration C.sub.A of a solute is placed in a first vessel having an electrode arranged so the electrode is contacted with the electrolyte solution of concentration C.sub.A. An electrolyte solution having a concentration C.sub.B of the same solute is placed in a second vessel having an electrode arranged so the electrode comes in contact with the electrolyte solution of concentration C.sub.B, the concentration C.sub.B being lower than the concentration C.sub.A. The first and the second vessels are separated by a membrane, the membrane having at least one nanochannel arranged to allow diffusion of the electrolyte solution from the first vessel to the second vessel through the at least one nanochannel. An inner surface of the at least one nanochannel is formed of at least one titanium oxide. Electrical energy generated by a potential difference existing between the electrodes is captured using a device having the first and second vessels.

The present invention relates to a device for producing electrical energy, including two vessels A and B intended for each receiving a concentrated electrolyte solution C.sub.A and C.sub.B in the same solute and each including an electrode arranged so as to come into contact with the electrolyte solution, a membrane separating the two vessels, said membrane including at least one nanochannel arranged to allow the diffusion of the electrolytes from one vessel to the other through said one or more nanochannels, and a device making it possible to supply the electrical energy spontaneously generated by the differential in potential that exists between the two electrodes, characterised in that at least one portion of the inner surface of the one or more nanochannels is essentially made up of at least one titanium oxide. The present invention likewise relates to a method for producing electrical energy using said device.

A method for preparing invisible anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) patterns is revealed. The method includes a plurality of steps. First take an aluminum substrate. Then anodize the aluminum substrate for the first time to get a first anodic aluminum oxide (AAO). Next perform photolithography so that a photoresist forms a pattern on the aluminum substrate with the first AAO. Lastly anodize the aluminum substrate for the second time so that a second AAO is formed on the pattern and the pattern becomes invisible.