A method for producing a nano-porous membrane with one or up to four graphene layers, pores in the membrane having an average pore size in the range of 0.2-50 or 0.3-10 nm, wherein the method involves the following steps: a) generation of a contiguous, essentially non-porous membrane with one or up to four graphene layers; b) distributed point wise defect creation in the non-porous membrane with one or up to four graphene layers by way of irradiation; c) generation and successive growth of the pores at the defects generated in step b) by thermal annealing in the gas phase, e.g. under 02 at a temperature in the range of 250° C. to less than 400° C.

A method for producing a nano-porous membrane with one or up to four graphene layers, pores in the membrane having an average pore size in the range of 0.2-50 or 0.3-10 nm, wherein the method involves the following steps: a) generation of a contiguous, essentially non-porous membrane with one or up to four graphene layers; b) distributed point wise defect creation in the non-porous membrane with one or up to four graphene layers by way of irradiation; c) generation and successive growth of the pores at the defects generated in step b) by thermal annealing in the gas phase, e.g. under 02 at a temperature in the range of 250° C. to less than 400° C.

Disclosed herein are nanoporous membranes for separating a target substance from a non-target substance in a fluid medium and methods of making and use thereof. The nanoporous membranes comprise a 2D material permeated by a first and second population of pores; wherein the average pore diameter of the first population of pores is greater than or equal to the van der Waals diameter of water and less than the average size of the non-target substance in the fluid medium; wherein the average pore diameter of the second population of pores is greater than or equal to the average size of the non-target substance in the fluid medium; and wherein substantially all of the second population of pores are substantially blocked by a polymer via size-selective interfacial polymerization; such that the nanoporous membrane allows for transport of the target substance through the nanoporous membrane via the first population of pores.

Disclosed herein are nanoporous membranes for separating a target substance from a non-target substance in a fluid medium and methods of making and use thereof. The nanoporous membranes comprise a 2D material permeated by a first and second population of pores; wherein the average pore diameter of the first population of pores is greater than or equal to the van der Waals diameter of water and less than the average size of the non-target substance in the fluid medium; wherein the average pore diameter of the second population of pores is greater than or equal to the average size of the non-target substance in the fluid medium; and wherein substantially all of the second population of pores are substantially blocked by a polymer via size-selective interfacial polymerization; such that the nanoporous membrane allows for transport of the target substance through the nanoporous membrane via the first population of pores.

The present invention relates to a method of filtering an oil, the method including the following steps (A) and (B): (A) allowing a hydrophobic gas to permeate through a porous membrane including a hydrophobic polymer as a main component; and (B) allowing an oil to permeate through the porous membrane, in which the step (B) is performed after the hydrophobic gas that has permeated through the porous membrane is confirmed to have a relative humidity of 0 to 60% in the step (A).

A carbon dioxide containing fluid is flowed through a membrane in an open position. The membrane encapsulates an adsorbent bed operating at a first temperature. The adsorbent bed adsorbs at least a portion of the carbon dioxide of the carbon dioxide containing fluid. The membrane is adjusted to a closed position, thereby isolating the adsorbent bed and preventing fluid flow into and out of the membrane. The adsorbent bed is heated to a second temperature, thereby desorbing the carbon dioxide captured from the carbon dioxide containing fluid. The membrane is adjusted to the open position. The adsorbent bed is cooled to the first temperature.

A process for removing Sr.sup.2+ toxins from bodily fluids is disclosed. The process involves contacting the bodily fluid with an ion exchanger to remove the metal toxins in the bodily fluid, including blood and gastrointestinal fluid. Alternatively, blood can be contacted with a dialysis solution which is then contacted with the ion exchanger. The ion exchangers are represented by the following empirical formula:
A.sub.mZr.sub.aTi.sub.bSn.sub.cM.sub.dSi.sub.xO.sub.y. A composition comprising the above ion exchange compositions in combination with bodily fluids or dialysis solution is also disclosed. The ion exchange compositions may be supported by porous networks of biocompatible polymers such as carbohydrates or proteins.

A process for removing Sr.sup.2+ toxins from bodily fluids is disclosed. The process involves contacting the bodily fluid with an ion exchanger to remove the metal toxins in the bodily fluid, including blood and gastrointestinal fluid. Alternatively, blood can be contacted with a dialysis solution which is then contacted with the ion exchanger. The ion exchangers are represented by the following empirical formula:
A.sub.mZr.sub.aTi.sub.bSn.sub.cM.sub.dSi.sub.xO.sub.y. A composition comprising the above ion exchange compositions in combination with bodily fluids or dialysis solution is also disclosed. The ion exchange compositions may be supported by porous networks of biocompatible polymers such as carbohydrates or proteins.

The present specification provides a composition comprising a material of Chemical Formula 1: ##STR00001##
having a molecular weight of 500,000 to 700,000 where R1 and R2 are the same as or different from each other, and each independently is hydrogen, deuterium, or an alkyl group, and n is from 10,000 to 20,000, for forming a reverse osmosis membrane protective layer, a method for preparing a reverse osmosis membrane using the same, a reverse osmosis membrane and a water-treatment module.

The present specification provides a composition comprising a material of Chemical Formula 1: ##STR00001##
having a molecular weight of 500,000 to 700,000 where R1 and R2 are the same as or different from each other, and each independently is hydrogen, deuterium, or an alkyl group, and n is from 10,000 to 20,000, for forming a reverse osmosis membrane protective layer, a method for preparing a reverse osmosis membrane using the same, a reverse osmosis membrane and a water-treatment module.