A reactor system includes a reactor vessel configured to contain a process fluid, and a sparger assembly that operably coupled to the reactor vessel and configured to supply a mixture of a gas and a recirculated process fluid to the reactor vessel. The sparger assembly includes a plurality of sparger chambers. Each sparger chamber includes a process fluid conduit fluidly coupled to a process fluid return of the reactor vessel via a process fluid inlet, wherein the process fluid inlet has a first block and bleed valve assembly. Each sparger chamber includes a sparger conduit fluidly coupled to the process fluid conduit and a sparger disposed within the sparger conduit and fluidly coupled to a gas source via a gas inlet. Each sparger chamber also includes a process fluid-gas mixture outlet that fluidly couples the sparger conduit to a sparger outlet of the reactor vessel.

A reactor system includes a reactor vessel configured to contain a process fluid, and a sparger assembly that operably coupled to the reactor vessel and configured to supply a mixture of a gas and a recirculated process fluid to the reactor vessel. The sparger assembly includes a plurality of sparger chambers. Each sparger chamber includes a process fluid conduit fluidly coupled to a process fluid return of the reactor vessel via a process fluid inlet, wherein the process fluid inlet has a first block and bleed valve assembly. Each sparger chamber includes a sparger conduit fluidly coupled to the process fluid conduit and a sparger disposed within the sparger conduit and fluidly coupled to a gas source via a gas inlet. Each sparger chamber also includes a process fluid-gas mixture outlet that fluidly couples the sparger conduit to a sparger outlet of the reactor vessel.

A method of obtaining a numerical model is disclosed. The numerical model correlates estimated capillary tube output diameter values to minimum pressure for gas bubble generation (MPGBG) values. An MPGBG value of each capillary tube in the reference group is measured for a liquid. An output diameter of each of the capillary tubes is measured by a microscope apparatus. A numerical model that correlates estimated capillary tube output diameter values to MPGBG values for the liquid is calculated. A method of estimating an output diameter of a capillary tube includes the following steps. An MPGBG value of the capillary tube for a liquid is measured, and the measured MPGBG value is input into the numerical model to estimate the capillary tube output diameter value. Other methods include a method of estimating an output diameter value of a capillary tube in a test group, a method of estimating and storing output diameter values of capillary tubes in a test group, methods of selecting at least one capillary tube from a plurality of capillary tubes in a test group, and a method of cutting a capillary tube to a desired estimated capillary tube output diameter value.

A method of obtaining a numerical model is disclosed. The numerical model correlates estimated capillary tube output diameter values to minimum pressure for gas bubble generation (MPGBG) values. An MPGBG value of each capillary tube in the reference group is measured for a liquid. An output diameter of each of the capillary tubes is measured by a microscope apparatus. A numerical model that correlates estimated capillary tube output diameter values to MPGBG values for the liquid is calculated. A method of estimating an output diameter of a capillary tube includes the following steps. An MPGBG value of the capillary tube for a liquid is measured, and the measured MPGBG value is input into the numerical model to estimate the capillary tube output diameter value. Other methods include a method of estimating an output diameter value of a capillary tube in a test group, a method of estimating and storing output diameter values of capillary tubes in a test group, methods of selecting at least one capillary tube from a plurality of capillary tubes in a test group, and a method of cutting a capillary tube to a desired estimated capillary tube output diameter value.

The device is a gas-liquid mixing device having a venturi structure in which a throat portion and an enlarged diameter portion are provided in a main passage through which a liquid passes, the gas-liquid mixing device including a collision chamber provided on an outer periphery of the enlarged diameter portion, and a stirring chamber provided downstream of the enlarged diameter portion. A collision flow path communicating with the collision chamber and causing a gas-liquid to collide with an outer peripheral wall, a straight flow path through which the gas-liquid passing through a central portion of the enlarged diameter portion travels straight, and an outer ring flow path through which the gas-liquid flows from the collision chamber to the stirring chamber are formed downstream of the enlarged diameter portion. The gas-liquids from the outer ring flow path and the straight flow path are stirred in the stirring chamber.

A nanobubble nozzle includes a body; an inlet for receiving a liquid; an outlet for discharging the liquid with nanobubbles; a forward channel extending through the body from the inlet to the outlet for transmitting the liquid, the forward channel having a venturi throat; a return channel extending from the outlet to recirculate a portion of the liquid and mix it with a gas to form a two-phase mixture; and an inlet port connecting the return channel to the venturi throat. The liquid flow through the throat creates a suction drawing the two-phase mixture into the throat. A cross-sectional area of the forward channel decreases from the inlet to the throat and increases from the throat to the outlet so that an internal pressure lower than an external pressure outside the body and lower than a vapor pressure of the liquid flowing through the throat is provided at the throat.

Apparatus for introducing a gas into a main medium, comprising: a main conduit for guiding the main medium, a multitude of injection lines for guiding the gas, wherein each of the injection lines has a respective end section with a respective outlet opening situated within the main conduit, and wherein the end sections are oriented essentially parallel to each other and to the main conduit. With the apparatus a gas can be introduced in particular into waste water for obtaining a biologically activated sludge. Thereby, interaction between the gas and the waste water can be particularly pronounced due to a particularly large liquid-gas-interface caused by particularly extensive turbulences. Further, shear stress acting on particles in the activated sludge can be advantageously low, thus avoiding damage of the biological particles.

Apparatus for introducing a gas into a main medium, comprising: a main conduit for guiding the main medium, a multitude of injection lines for guiding the gas, wherein each of the injection lines has a respective end section with a respective outlet opening situated within the main conduit, and wherein the end sections are oriented essentially parallel to each other and to the main conduit. With the apparatus a gas can be introduced in particular into waste water for obtaining a biologically activated sludge. Thereby, interaction between the gas and the waste water can be particularly pronounced due to a particularly large liquid-gas-interface caused by particularly extensive turbulences. Further, shear stress acting on particles in the activated sludge can be advantageously low, thus avoiding damage of the biological particles.

A system and method of injecting a gas enriched and/or emulsified first liquid into a second liquid is disclosed. The injection can cause generation of a high density of bubbles having a mean diameter of a selected size. The mean diameter of the bubbles can be selected and varied based on the characteristics of the injection system.

Provided is a method of mixing first and second liquids having mutual solubility inside a mixing flow channel formed by a micro flow channel. This method includes: causing the first and second liquids to be joined to each other inside the mixing flow channel; and forming a slug flow, in which mixing subject cells (60) formed by the joined liquid and insoluble fluid cells (63) formed by an insoluble fluid are alternately arranged, inside a flow channel at the downstream side of an insoluble fluid supply position in a manner such that the insoluble fluid having insolubility with respect to both mixing subject liquids is supplied to the joined liquid flowing through the flow channel in a direction intersecting the flow channel so that the joined liquid is divided with a gap therebetween, thereby mixing the first mixing subject liquid and the second mixing subject liquid contained in each mixing subject cell inside the downstream flow channel.