Devices and methods for reducing the specific energy required to reform or pyrolyze reactants in plasmas operating at high flow rates and high pressures are presented. These systems and methods include 1) introducing electrons and/or easily ionized materials to a plasma reactor, 2) increasing turbulence and swirl velocity of the flows of feed gases to have improved mixing in a plasma reactor, and 3) reducing slippage from a plasma reactor system. Such plasma systems may allow plasma reactors to operate at lower temperatures, higher pressure, with improved plasma ignition, increased throughput and improved energy efficiency. In preferred embodiments, the plasma reactors are used to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon, or carbon monoxide through reforming and pyrolysis reactions. Preferred feedstocks include methane, carbon dioxide, and other hydrocarbons.

Methods and systems are provided for photochemically synthesizing tetrachloromethane in an industrial scale using a plurality of arrays or channels of light emitting diodes. A wavelength output by an SLM lamp is customized to bias the photochemical reaction towards a target reaction and target product and away from a side reaction and side product. The higher yield of the target product improved efficiency and reduces the need for complex purification for removal of the side product.

Methods, apparatuses, and systems are provided for using laser ablation to manufacture nanoparticles. An example method includes steps of generating, by a laser beam generator, a laser beam, splitting, by a set of beam splitters, the laser beam into a plurality of derivative laser beams, and directing each derivative laser beam towards a plurality of targets. In this example method, the plurality of targets are submerged in corresponding synthesis solvents within corresponding synthesis chambers. Moreover, interaction of each derivative laser beam with its corresponding target releases nanoparticles into the corresponding synthesis solvent to create a nanoparticle solution including both the corresponding synthesis solvent and the released nanoparticles.

The invention consists of pristine graphene and fullerenes.

In order to provide an apparatus for industrially producing a fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate (CNB), the apparatus comprises: a target holding unit holding a carbon target in sheet form containing a metal catalyst such as Fe; a light source irradiating a laser beam on a surface of the carbon target; a movement unit moving one of the target held by the target holding unit and the light source relative to the other to move the irradiation position of the laser beam on the surface of the target; a production chamber configured to irradiate the carbon target with the laser beam in an atmosphere of non-oxidizing gas to produce a product including the fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate; a collection mechanism collecting carbon vapor evaporated from the target by irradiation of the laser beam to collect nanocarbon including the fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate; and a control unit controlling an operation of the movement unit or the light source so that the power density of the laser beam irradiated to the surface of the carbon target is substantially constant, and the irradiation position of the laser beam is moved to a region adjacent to a region previously irradiated by the laser beam, an interval being formed therebetween that is equal to or larger than the width of an altered region formed on the periphery of the region irradiated by the laser beam.

The invention provides a reactor assembly (1) comprising a reactor (30), wherein the reactor (30) is configured for hosting a fluid (100) to be treated with light source radiation (11) selected from one or more of UV radiation, visible radiation, and IR radiation, wherein the reactor (30) comprises a reactor wall (35) which is transmissive for the light source radiation (11), wherein: (i) the reactor (30) is a tubular reactor (130), and wherein the reactor wall (35) defines the tubular reactor (130); (ii) the tubular reactor (130) is configured in a tubular arrangement (1130); and (iii) the reactor assembly (1) further comprises a reactor support element (40), wherein (a) the reactor support element (40) encloses at least part of the tubular arrangement (1130) or wherein (b) the tubular arrangement (1130) encloses at least part of the reactor support element (40); wherein part of the tubular arrangement (1130) is configured in contact with the reactor support element (40), and wherein another part of the tubular arrangement (1130) and the reactor support element (40) define one or more fluid transport channels (7).

The present disclosure relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, and more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, in which a particle in the form of a core-shell in which the metal nanoparticle is coated with platinum is manufactured by substituting copper and platinum through a method of manufacturing a metal nanoparticle by emitting a laser beam to a metal ingot, and providing a particular electric potential value, and as a result, it is possible to continuously produce nanoscale uniform core-shell catalysts in large quantities.

The invention relates to a device for pulsed laser deposition and a substrate with a substrate surface, which device includes: a substrate holder for holding the substrate; a target arranged facing the substrate surface of the substrate; a velocity filter arranged between the substrate and the target; a pulsed laser directed onto the target at a target spot for generating a plasma plume of target material; and a plasma hole plate arranged between the target and the substrate. The plasma hole plate has a plasma passage opening divided in an upstream section and a downstream section by a dividing plane. The target spot coincides with the dividing plane, and the surface area of the upstream section is larger than the surface area of the downstream section.

A device for synthesising core-shell nanoparticles by laser pyrolysis is provided. The device includes a reactor having a first chamber for the synthesis of the core, provided with an inlet for a core precursor, a second chamber for the synthesis of the shell, provided with an inlet for a shell precursor, and at least one communication channel between the two chambers to transmit the cores of the nanoparticles intended to be formed from the first chamber towards the second chamber. The device also includes an optical device to illuminate each of the two chambers, the device comprising at least one laser capable of emitting a laser beam intended to interact with the precursors to form the core and the shell. The device further includes at least a shell precursor inlet channel, one end of which is in the form of a distribution chamber surrounding the communication channel between the two chambers of the reactor, said distribution chamber being further provided, on its inner periphery, with at least one opening leading inside said communication channel.

A system and method are provided for the separation of hydrogen from natural gas feedstock to form hydrocarbon radicals. Aspects of the system include perpendicular magnetic and electric fields, a method of radical formation that separates hydrogen from the reaction process, and a separation method based on centrifugal forces and phase transitions. The gases rotate in the chamber due to the Lorentz force without any mechanical motion. Rotation separates gases and liquids by centrifugal force. The lighter species are collected from the mid region endpoint of the apparatus and fed back for further reaction. A new concept of controlled turbulence is introduced to mix various species. A novel magnetic field device is introduced comprised of two specially magnetized cylinders. A novel control of temperatures, pressures, electron densities and profiles by, RF, microwaves, UV and rotation frequency are possible especially when atomic, molecular, cyclotron resonances are taken into account. The electrodes can be coated with catalysts; the entire apparatus can be used as a new type of chemical reactor.