The present invention addresses to obtaining a support of hydrorefining catalysts by an innovative preparation route that reduces the problem of loss (or leaching) of boron over the operating time of industrial units. As the presence of boron in catalysts contributes to increased activity (hydrogenating and acidic) and stability for the hydrorefining reactions (hydrotreating and hydrocracking), its maintenance in the catalyst guarantees the preservation of the properties in operation, throughout the entire cycle of campaign of industrial units.

The present invention addresses to obtaining a support of hydrorefining catalysts by an innovative preparation route that reduces the problem of loss (or leaching) of boron over the operating time of industrial units. As the presence of boron in catalysts contributes to increased activity (hydrogenating and acidic) and stability for the hydrorefining reactions (hydrotreating and hydrocracking), its maintenance in the catalyst guarantees the preservation of the properties in operation, throughout the entire cycle of campaign of industrial units.

An aftertreatment component for use in an exhaust aftertreatment system. The aftertreatment component comprises an aftertreatment substrate and a compressible material. The compressible material may be formed from a plastic thermoset, a rubberized material, or a metal foil which permits for the selective expansion of the substrate within the compressible material, while also reducing cost and manufacturing complexity. In various embodiments, the aftertreatment substrate and the compressible materials may be formed separately and coupled to each other, or they may be formed concurrently via coextrusion.

An aftertreatment component for use in an exhaust aftertreatment system. The aftertreatment component comprises an aftertreatment substrate and a compressible material. The compressible material may be formed from a plastic thermoset, a rubberized material, or a metal foil which permits for the selective expansion of the substrate within the compressible material, while also reducing cost and manufacturing complexity. In various embodiments, the aftertreatment substrate and the compressible materials may be formed separately and coupled to each other, or they may be formed concurrently via coextrusion.

A method of cracking a hydrocarbon feed under fluid catalytic cracking conditions includes adding FCC compatible inorganic particles having a first particle type including one or more boron oxide components and a first matrix component into a FCC unit and adding cracking microspheres having a second particle type including a second matrix component, a phosphorus component and 20% to 95% by weight of a zeolite component into the FCC unit.

A method of cracking a hydrocarbon feed under fluid catalytic cracking conditions includes adding FCC compatible inorganic particles having a first particle type including one or more boron oxide components and a first matrix component into a FCC unit and adding cracking microspheres having a second particle type including a second matrix component, a phosphorus component and 20% to 95% by weight of a zeolite component into the FCC unit.

The invention relates to a method for producing a metal-foam body, comprising the steps of (a) providing a metal-foam body A, which consists of nickel, cobalt, copper, or alloys or combinations thereof, (b) applying an aluminum-containing material MP to metal-foam body A so as to obtain metal-foam body AX, (c) thermally treating of metal-foam body AX, with the exclusion of oxygen, to achieve the formation of an alloy between the metallic components of metal-foam body A and the aluminum-containing material MP so as to obtain metal-foam body B, wherein the duration of the thermal treatment is chosen in dependence on the temperature of the thermal treatment and the temperature of the thermal treatment is chosen in dependence on the thickness of the metal-foam body AX. The invention also relates to the metal-foam bodies obtainable by the methods according to the invention and to the use thereof as catalysts for chemical transformations.

The invention relates to a method for producing a metal-foam body, comprising the steps of (a) providing a metal-foam body A, which consists of nickel, cobalt, copper, or alloys or combinations thereof, (b) applying an aluminum-containing material MP to metal-foam body A so as to obtain metal-foam body AX, (c) thermally treating of metal-foam body AX, with the exclusion of oxygen, to achieve the formation of an alloy between the metallic components of metal-foam body A and the aluminum-containing material MP so as to obtain metal-foam body B, wherein the duration of the thermal treatment is chosen in dependence on the temperature of the thermal treatment and the temperature of the thermal treatment is chosen in dependence on the thickness of the metal-foam body AX. The invention also relates to the metal-foam bodies obtainable by the methods according to the invention and to the use thereof as catalysts for chemical transformations.

A method of synthesizing diclofenac sodium, including: subjecting aniline and chloroacetic acid to amidation to obtain 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide; subjecting 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide and 2,6-dichlorophenol to condensation reaction to obtain 2-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide; subjecting 2-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide to Smiles rearrangement in the presence of an inorganic base to obtain N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-N-phenylacetamide; subjecting N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-N-phenylacetamide and thionyl chloride to chlorination to obtain N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide; subjecting N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide to Friedel-Crafts alkylation in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to obtain 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one; and subjecting 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one to hydrolysis in the presence of an inorganic base to obtain diclofenac sodium.

A method of synthesizing diclofenac sodium, including: subjecting aniline and chloroacetic acid to amidation to obtain 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide; subjecting 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide and 2,6-dichlorophenol to condensation reaction to obtain 2-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide; subjecting 2-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide to Smiles rearrangement in the presence of an inorganic base to obtain N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-N-phenylacetamide; subjecting N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-N-phenylacetamide and thionyl chloride to chlorination to obtain N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide; subjecting N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide to Friedel-Crafts alkylation in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to obtain 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one; and subjecting 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one to hydrolysis in the presence of an inorganic base to obtain diclofenac sodium.