A fluidized bed reactor includes a main shell and a coke control zone shell; the main shell includes an upper shell and a lower shell; the upper shell encloses a gas-solid separation zone, and the lower shell encloses a reaction zone; the reaction zone axially communicates with the gas-solid separation zone; the coke control zone shell is circumferentially arranged on an outer wall of the main shell; the coke control zone shell and the main shell enclose an annular cavity, and the annular cavity is a coke control zone; n baffles are radially arranged in the coke control zone, and the n baffles divide the coke control zone into n coke control zone subzones, where n is an integer; the coke control zone subzones are provided with a coke control raw material inlet; and a catalyst circulation hole is formed in each of n-1 of the baffles.

The present invention relates to a process for conducting endothermic gas phase or gas-solid reactions, wherein the endothermic reaction is conducted in a production phase in a first reactor zone, the production zone, which is at least partly filled with solid particles, where the solid particles are in the form of a fixed bed, of a moving bed and in sections/or in the form of a fluidized bed, and the product-containing gas stream is drawn off from the production zone in the region of the highest temperature level plus/minus 200 K and the product-containing gas stream is guided through a second reactor zone, the heat recycling zone, which at least partly comprises a fixed bed, where the heat from the product-containing gas stream is stored in the fixed bed, and, in the subsequent purge step, a purge gas is guided through the production zone and the heat recycling zone in the same flow direction, and, in a heating zone disposed between the production zone and the heat recycling zone, the heat required for the endothermic reaction is introduced into the product-containing gas stream and into the purge stream or into the purge stream, and then, in a regeneration phase, a gas is passed through the two reactor zones in the reverse flow direction and the production zone is heated up; the present invention further relates to a structured reactor comprising three zones, a production zone containing solid particles, a heating zone and a heat recycling zone containing a fixed bed, wherein the solid particles and the fixed bed consist of different materials.

A reformer furnace is provided for use in converting a hydrocarbon feed into a synthesis gas stream. The reformer furnace includes at least one bayonet reformer tube located at least partly within an enclosed volume. The reformer furnace includes a first support arranged to support the second end portion of the at least one bayonet reformer tube against the second endwall of the reformer furnace.

A process for large scale and energy efficient production of oxygenates from sugar is disclosed in which a sugar feedstock is introduced into a thermolytic fragmentation reactor including a fluidized stream of heat carrying particles which are separated from the reaction product and directed to a reheater comprising a resistance heating system.

Proposed is a process for producing methanol from synthesis gas by means of multi-stage, for example two-stage, heterogeneously catalyzed methanol synthesis, wherein the methanol product formed in every synthesis stage is separated by condensation and the remaining residual gas is supplied to the downstream synthesis stage or after separation of a purge stream recycled to the first synthesis stage as a recycle stream. According to the invention after each synthesis stage the residual gas streams have separated from them a respective purge stream, from which, using one or more hydrogen recovery apparatuses, hydrogen is separated and recycled to the first synthesis stage. The ratio of the individual purge streams and their total molar flow may optionally be varied to allow better control of the reaction in the individual synthesis stages and to allow reaction to the advancing deactivation of the catalysts present therein.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

A new process for the decomposition of hydrocarbon feed stream(s) that achieves the conversion of a hydrocarbon feed stream to hydrogen and filamentous carbon, with minimal resulting production of carbon oxides is described herein. In this invention it is proposed to achieve the hydrocarbon conversion by the use of dual fluidized bed reaction zones, fluidly connected, for (i). hydrocarbon reaction (the reactor) and (ii). catalyst regeneration and heating (the regenerator) and to use a transition metal supported catalyst to achieve high hydrocarbon conversion and to produce high quality filamentous carbon.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

Disclosed herein are systems and processes for the conversion of a methane feedstock to C.sub.2+ hydrocarbons.

A method for enhancing the heat transfer performance of a vertical tubular reactor by adding heat transfer elements inside the reactor tubes. Such heat transfer elements have two or more substantially curved legs of equal length with no cross fins, each with a foot that engages the inside wall of the tube, and can optionally have two or more substantially curved sub-legs that do not engage the wall of the tube.