Disclosed are example efficient circuits that produce spark discharges for hydrocarbon conversion (or treatment of other mixtures) using a high-voltage rectified DC supply to discharge a capacitor (either internal or external) across a two-electrode gap, optimized to minimize waste energy by operating in a constant current, approximately-constant current, or constant power mode. The circuits may operate off of a standard electrical supply line (e.g. 120 VAC or 240 V AC, 60 Hz, single-phase or multi-phase). The disclosed approach is scalable to any number of discharge gaps while maintaining similar pulse characteristics and electrical efficiency.

A reactor has a reactor vessel and one or more reaction tubes. One or more power input elements are guided into the reactor vessel for the electrical heating of the reaction tube(s). The one or more power input elements each have a rod-shaped section, and the rod-shaped section(s) each run in a respective wall passage through a wall of the reactor vessel. A connection chamber into which the rod-shaped section(s) project is arranged outside the reactor vessel and adjacent to the wall of the reactor vessel through which the rod-shaped section(s) run in their wall passages. Gas feed means apply an inerting gas to the connection chamber, and the wall passages with the rod-shaped sections received therein in a longitudinally-movable manner are designed to be gas-permeable so that at least a portion of the inerting gas fed into the connection chamber flows out into the reactor vessel.

A process for producing bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide includes providing a solution comprising fluorosulfonic acid and urea, the solution maintained at a solution temperature from about 0° C. to about 70° C.; reacting the solution in the presence of a reaction medium at a reaction temperature from 80° C. to about 170° C. to produce a product stream including bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide, ammonium fluorosulfate and the reaction medium; separating the ammonium fluorosulfate from the product stream to produce an intermediate product stream; and separating the intermediate product stream into a concentrated product stream and a first recycle stream, the concentrated product stream including a higher concentration of bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide than the first recycle stream.

A cassette system capable of a germicidal treatment of highly opaque liquids, featuring a filter, which prevents wavelengths above the UV-C spectrum reaching the liquid being treated, one or more spiral-shaped tubes extending from an inlet end to an outlet end creating a fluidic pathway, and one or more light sources illuminating the one or more spiral-shaped tubes, wherein the one or more light sources emit light in a wavelength range between 180-300 nm.

The present invention relates to a pressure vessel (1, 1′), having a lower part (20) and the lid (24) which can be locked to one another, in order, in the state in which they are locked to one another, to surround a reaction chamber (22) on all sides as a pressure space for initiating and/or promoting chemical and/or physical pressure reactions of samples (P) which are received in the reaction chamber (22), and a fluid inlet (FE) with a check valve (4) for feeding a fluid into the reaction chamber (22), the check valve (4) extending at least partially in the lid (24).

A process for producing bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide includes providing a solution comprising fluorosulfonic acid and urea, the solution maintained at a solution temperature from about 0° C. to about 70° C.; reacting the solution in the presence of a reaction medium at a reaction temperature from 80° C. to about 170° C. to produce a product stream including bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide, ammonium fluorosulfate and the reaction medium; separating the ammonium fluorosulfate from the product stream to produce an intermediate product stream; and separating the intermediate product stream into a concentrated product stream and a first recycle stream, the concentrated product stream including a higher concentration of bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide than the first recycle stream.

Techniques for converting carbonate material to carbon monoxide include transferring heat and at least one feed stream that includes a carbonate material and at least one of hydrogen, oxygen, water, or a hydrocarbon, into an integrated calcination and syngas production system that includes a syngas generating calciner (SGC) reactor; calcining the carbonate material to produce a carbon dioxide product and a solid oxide product; initiating a syngas production reaction; producing, from the syngas production reaction, at least one syngas product that includes at least one of a carbon monoxide product, a water product or a hydrogen product; and transferring at least one of the solid oxide product or the at least one syngas product out of the SGC reactor.

A method of at least partially breaking down a material or product item or combination of material or product items. The method includes the steps of introducing said material or product item or combination of material or product items into a treatment vessel, introducing at least one working fluid into the treatment vessel, repeatedly increasing pressure on the material or product item or combination of material or product items in said treatment vessel to above atmospheric pressure and then subsequently depressurising the material or product item or combination of material or product items in the treatment vessel to achieve a pressure reduction in the vessel to effect at least partial breakdown of said material or product item or combination of material or product items.

Methods and systems for temperature-controlled, on-site generation of peracids, namely peroxycarboxylic acids and peroxycarboxylic acid forming compositions are disclosed. In particular, methods for using an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system overcome the limitations of temperature on the kinetics of the peracid generation and/or peracid decomposition inside an adjustable biocide formulator or generator system. The methods include the controlling of the temperature of at least one raw starting material, namely water, to improve upon methods of on-site generation of peracids. The methods allow for the generation of user-selected chemistry without regard to the ambient temperatures of the raw starting materials and/or the biocide formulator or generator system.

Systems and methods are provided for controlling chemical production and/or petroleum processing reaction systems to allow for improved control of control variables relative to desired set points. The improved control can be achieved by use of a modified proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller or a similar type of controller that includes dynamic tuning logic. The modified PID controller can be operated using different coefficients based on the relative values of a control variable and a reasonable progress curve determined based on the values of the control variable.