The invention is directed to systems, apparatus and methods for demulsifying an emulsion, and generating plasma enhanced treatment fluids, with at least one plasma reactor to produce plasma in reaction with the emulsion to cause flocculation and coalescence in the emulsion for phase separation of the constituents and chemical reaction with reactor fluids. After separation, the separated constituents in the emulsion are removed from the reaction chamber for processing of further emulsion. Plasma enhanced treatment fluids are removed from the reaction chamber and used in further processes. According to an example, the emulsion may be a crude oil emulsion with the separated crude oil produced for further processing or sale. The systems, apparatus and methods also produce plasma enhanced treatment fluids that may be reused in other oil recovery processes for example.

The automated synthesis of clinically relevant amounts of 16-.sup.18F-fluoro-5-dihydrotestosterone (.sup.18F-FDHT) using a commercially available radiosynthesizer. Synthesis was performed in 90 minutes with a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 295%. The specific activity was 4.6 Ci/mol (170 GBq/mol) at end of formulation with a starting activity of 1.0 Ci (37 GBq). The formulated .sup.18F-FDHT yielded sufficient activity for multiple patient doses and passed all quality control tests required for routine clinical use.

Radiation-sensitive material embedded in a disposable radiochemistry device gives the device the additional capability of recording radiation dose, for readout at a later time. There is provided a device comprising means for the introduction of a precursor compound, means for the introduction of a radionuclide, a reaction vessel for reacting said precursor compound and said suitable source of a radionuclide to obtain a radiolabelled compound, and one or more pieces of radiation-sensitive material embedded into said device wherein at least one of said pieces is positioned to be exposed to radioactivity associated with said radiolabelled compound.

A system is described that is capable of operating as an energy conversion system that functions as a fuel cell and generates electrical current from a fuel or fuels, or as a reactor for conversion of starter materials into more complex molecules through ion-ion and ion-molecules and which may preferably be adapted to operate as a gas to liquid (GTL) process. The system ionises at least one fuel or starter material and manipulates, selects and transports ions for reaction by means of suitable electrostatic or electrodynamic ion guides, filters or drift tubes. The system of the present application replaces the electrolyte, catalyst and/or membrane found in classic fuel cells or GTL processes with an electrostatic or electrodynamic ion manipulation region such as an ion guide, analyser, drift tube or filter.

An improved microreactor for use in microscopy, use of said microreactor, and a microscope comprising said reactor. The present invention is in the field of microscopy, specifically in the field of electron and focused ion beam microscopy (EM and FIB), and in particular Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). However its application is extendable in principle to any field of microscopy, especially wherein characteristics of a (solid) specimen (or sample) are studied in detail, such as during a reaction.

A convection-free flow-type reactor includes a reactor body. The reactor body includes a reaction chamber to house a fluid. An inlet is in communication with the reaction chamber to allow input of a reactant fluid. An outlet is in communication with the reaction chamber to allow output of a product fluid. An energy beam source device provides an energy beam to irradiate the reactant fluid in the reaction chamber. The disclosure further provides a convection-free flow-type synthesis method.

The present invention relates to an automated radiosynthesis device adapted for enhanced automatic disconnection of a disposable kit once a radiosynthesis has been carried out. The automated radiosynthesis device of the invention therefore reduces the time to remove the disposable kit from the radiosynthesis device and reduces radiation exposure to the operator.

The automated synthesis of clinically relevant amounts of 16-.sup.18F-fluoro-5-dihydrotestosterone (.sup.18F-FDHT) using a commercially available radiosynthesizer. Synthesis was performed in 90 minutes with a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 295%. The specific activity was 4.6 Ci/mol (170 GBq/mol) at end of formulation with a starting activity of 1.0 Ci (37 GBq). The formulated .sup.18F-FDHT yielded sufficient activity for multiple patient doses and passed all quality control tests required for routine clinical use.