Gastrointestinal tract simulation system and compartment therefor. The compartment comprising a vessel having an open top surrounded by a peripheral edge portion and an air-tight lid system configured to be placed onto the peripheral edge portion. The lid system comprises a body with a plurality of passageways extending through the body and providing access to the interior of the vessel, the plurality of passageways comprising passageways for fluid transfer tubes and passageways for mounting at least one sensor component. The lid system is provided with releasable sealing elements for sealing the plurality of passageways and at least one pressing element which is common to at least a number of the sealing elements and configured for applying pressure to each of the respective sealing elements to effect the sealing of the respective passageways.

Methods for colloidal particle manipulation mediated by an elastic fluid responsive to changes in boundary conditions, including methods of controlling motion of colloidal particles using wavy wall boundary conditions. Methods for driving transitions in topological defect configurations of colloidal particles using wavy wall boundary conditions.

A system and method are provided for the separation of hydrogen from natural gas feedstock to form hydrocarbon radicals. Aspects of the system include perpendicular magnetic and electric fields, a method of radical formation that separates hydrogen from the reaction process, and a separation method based on centrifugal forces and phase transitions. The gases rotate in the chamber due to the Lorentz force without any mechanical motion. Rotation separates gases and liquids by centrifugal force. The lighter species are collected from the mid region endpoint of the apparatus and fed back for further reaction. A new concept of controlled turbulence is introduced to mix various species. A novel magnetic field device is introduced comprised of two specially magnetized cylinders. A novel control of temperatures, pressures, electron densities and profiles by, RF, microwaves, UV and rotation frequency are possible especially when atomic, molecular, cyclotron resonances are taken into account. The electrodes can be coated with catalysts; the entire apparatus can be used as a new type of chemical reactor.

A mixer reactor apparatus comprising a plurality of baffles positioned within the reactor, the baffle comprising a hollow cylindrical structure with a substantially flattened baffle section between an upper section and a lower section. The apparatus further comprises a lever formed by a portion of the upper section bent at a perpendicular angle, the lever is configured to adjust an impact of the baffle by adjusting a position of the baffle member relative to an interior wall of the reactor.

Disclosed herein is a solar thermochemical reactor comprising an outer member, an inner member disposed within an outer member, wherein the outer member surrounds the inner member and wherein the outer member has an aperture for receiving solar radiation and wherein an inner cavity and an outer cavity are formed by the inner member and outer member and a reactive material capable of being magnetically stabilized wherein the reactive material is disposed in the outer cavity between the inner member and the outer member.

A device and method are provided for manipulating petroleum, non-conventional oil and other viscous complex fluids made of hydrocarbons that comprise enforcement of fluid in a multi-stage flow-through hydrodynamic cavitational reactor, subjecting said fluids to a controlled cavitation and continuing the application of such cavitation for a period of time sufficient for obtaining desired changes in physical properties and/or chemical composition and generating the upgraded products. The method includes alteration of chemical bonds, induction of interactions of components, changes in composition, heterogeneity and rheological characteristics in order to facilitate handling, improve yields of distillate fuels and optimize other properties.

A method for bonding a fluid to a substance includes filling a first pressure vessel with the fluid and pressurizing the first pressure vessel to a first pressure. The fluid is the circulated through an electric arc formed within the first pressure vessel, thereby creating a treated fluid. Within a second pressure vessel, the substance is exposed to a magnetic field, thereby forming a polarized substance. The treated fluid and polarized substance are combined under a second pressure within a third pressure vessel, thereby exposing the treated fluid to the polarized substance at a pressure sufficient to achieve a bond.

A device for magnetic field-assisted simulation of zero-microgravity flame synthesis of nanoparticles includes a gradient magnetic field device, a combustor and a product collection device. The gradient magnetic field device is composed of two magnetic field devices arranged face to face. The combustor is located between the two magnetic field devices. The outlet of the combustor is vertically upward. The position is below the magnetic field center of the gradient magnetic field device. The body force acting on the flame and surrounding magnetic species thereof by the gradient magnetic field device counteracts the gravitational buoyancy lift effect, so that flame synthesis is carried out under a simulated zero/microgravity flame to prepare the nanoparticles. The device is able to use a gradient magnetic field to simulate the zero/microgravity flame on the ground to synthesize the nanoparticles under special flame characteristics, with reduced flame disturbance, improved stability, and no overheated region.

A device for magnetic field-assisted simulation of zero-microgravity flame synthesis of nanoparticles includes a gradient magnetic field device, a combustor and a product collection device. The gradient magnetic field device is composed of two magnetic field devices arranged face to face. The combustor is located between the two magnetic field devices. The outlet of the combustor is vertically upward. The position is below the magnetic field center of the gradient magnetic field device. The body force acting on the flame and surrounding magnetic species thereof by the gradient magnetic field device counteracts the gravitational buoyancy lift effect, so that flame synthesis is carried out under a simulated zero/microgravity flame to prepare the nanoparticles. The device is able to use a gradient magnetic field to simulate the zero/microgravity flame on the ground to synthesize the nanoparticles under special flame characteristics, with reduced flame disturbance, improved stability, and no overheated region.

A semiconductor quantum dot is provided with a non-metallic substrate, and has a particle size ranged from 0.3 to 100 nm. A method of carrying out a chemical reaction or a photoluminescence reaction by using the semiconductor quantum dot is also provided. A redox reaction of a target sample is carried out, an active substance is generated, or an electron-hole pair is produced from the semiconductor quantum dot by providing the semiconductor quantum dot with a predetermined energy. Photons are released by the combination of the electron-hole pair so as to perform the photoluminescence reaction.