This invention newly describes fast and reliable creation of three-dimensional scaffolds using magnetic levitation of calcium phosphate particles. In particular, tricalcium phosphate particles of similar size and specific porosity are used which are subjected to recrystallization process after magnetic levitation assembly of the scaffold to ensure scaffold cross-linking. Levitation assembly without marks is reached by using specially developed magnetic system in the presence of gadolinium salts which allows levitation of calcium phosphate particles. Chemical synthesis of octacalcium phosphate in magnetic levitation conditions in non-homogeneous magnetic field was also demonstrated. Such approach allows to obtain phosphate phase quickly in biocompatible finished product.

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

Methods for colloidal particle manipulation mediated by an elastic fluid responsive to changes in boundary conditions, including methods of controlling motion of colloidal particles using wavy wall boundary conditions are provided. Additionally, methods for driving transitions in topological defect configurations of colloidal particles using wavy wall boundary conditions are provided.

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

A fuel atomizer (100) has a conduit (105) for passage of fuel (101) and an object (113) in the conduit (105) which creates continual and repetitive turbulence in the fuel (101). The turbulent fuel exits the conduit (105) via a nozzle (111) into a spray of fine mist (103). The object (113) is a movable magnet (601) which is repelled by another magnet (701) at the outlet (109) of the conduit (105). The flow of fuel (101) carries the movable magnet (601) towards the outlet (109) of the conduit (105) while the other magnet (701) repels the movable magnet (601) backwards. So the movable magnet (601) moves repetitively.

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

A virtual photon catalysis apparatus and a method for catalytic treatment using the virtual photon catalysis apparatus. The virtual photon catalysis apparatus includes a housing; and a catalysis unit built in the housing, including a rectangular magnet group, a magnetic force enhancing post, and a magnetically permeable shoe, where an SS pole and an NN pole of a rectangular magnet in the rectangular magnet group form a magnetic field line of a corresponding magnetic field center, the magnetic force enhancing post is used for enhancing a magnetic force from the magnetic field center to a corresponding magnetic field edge, and the magnetically permeable shoe transfers and centralizes the magnetic field from the magnetic field center to the corresponding magnetic field edge, where an angle between junctions between two ends of the magnetically permeable shoe and a central wall of the magnetically permeable shoe is greater than 90 degrees.

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

A method, system and equipment (31) for activating biochar (29) includes flowing a reactive gas into a chamber (33; 305), using an electrical field to create a plasma (75) in the chamber, using a magnetic field (105) to increase density of the plasma and activating biochar with the plasma in the chamber. Use of inductive magnetic coil(s) (131) with an essentially closed loop magnetic field, and/or a permanent magnet(s) (101; 317) are also provided in a further aspect of the present method and apparatus. Another aspect causes magnetic densification of one or multiple plasmas in a chamber (305) to treat a previously produced layer of thin film (303).