A reactor for nanoparticle production comprising a main chamber including a first nozzle to which raw material gas is supplied, a lens housing connected to the main chamber in a fluidly movable manner and including a second nozzle for supplying flushing gas to the lens housing, a lens mounted on the lens housing, a light source for irradiating a laser, which passes through the lens to reach the raw material gas in the main chamber, and a hood for discharging nanoparticles generated in the main chamber. A cross-sectional area of at least a part of the lens housing decreases along a direction facing the main chamber.

The present invention provides a nanoparticle synthesis device capable of improving productivity of nanoparticles by increasing the size of a reaction region of laser pyrolysis of a source gas.

The invention concerns a method (100) for recovering and/or recycling a bituminous product by means of pulsed power, the bituminous product comprising bitumen and elements to be separated, involving the following steps: —supplying (101) a reactor (11) inside which at least two electrodes (13) extend with the bituminous product and a liquid medium of which at least one liquid component has Hansen solubility parameters δη, δρ and δd such that the bitumen is at least partially soluble in the liquid medium, the elements to be separated being insoluble, —generating (102) a series of electromagnetic pulses between the electrodes (13) in the reactor (11) so as to produce, as a result of the power, the frequency and the switching time of the electromagnetic pulses, at least one shock wave and at least ultraviolet radiation, in such a way as to disperse and dissolve the bitumen in the liquid medium, and to separate the bitumen and the insoluble elements, the liquid medium preventing the reconstitution of the bitumen.

Apparatus and methods are provided that are capable of mass production of particulate materials, such as graphene particulates. The apparatus comprises an ignition assembly that comprises readily interchangeable electrode cassettes and that may be configured to self-clean in between the combustion cycles in which the particulate materials are generated. Methods of generating the particulate materials require low energy inputs in order to initiate the combustion reaction, which is then self-sustaining until the reactants are depleted.

The invention includes apparatus and methods for instantiating hydrogen in a nanoporous carbon powder.

A fluid flow conduit according to one embodiment comprises: a body comprising a channel-defining surface which defines a principal flow channel extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein the body defines an interior flow region comprising the principal flow channel; an inlet for introducing fluid into the interior flow region, the inlet shaped so that an average velocity of fluid entering the interior flow region from the inlet is oriented in an inlet flow direction non-parallel to the longitudinal direction; and an outlet for conveying fluid out of the principal flow channel, the outlet spaced apart from the inlet in the longitudinal direction such that fluid that passes from the inlet to the outlet passes through at least a portion of the principal flow channel; wherein the fluid flow conduit defines a recess in the interior flow region and facing the inlet.

An integrated reformer includes an outer chamber, a first inlet, a second inlet, and a cooling unit associated with the outer chamber. The first inlet is configured to obtain a first gas stream into a first space in the outer chamber. The second inlet is configured to obtain a second gas stream into the first space in the outer chamber. The cooling unit is configured to absorb thermal energy from the first gas stream.

A microwave-plasma system for generating fixed-nitrogen products comprises a microwave generator operably coupled with a gas chamber where the microwave generator provides microwave power to the gas chamber. The system further includes a source of gas, which may be for example oxygen, nitrogen and/or air, operably coupled with the plasma chamber. The microwave power produces a plasma of the gas within the chamber. The system further includes an absorber unit fluidically connected to the gas chamber to capture product from the plasma in the gas chamber. The captured product may include fixed nitrogen gaseous products.

Described are a low temperature plasma reaction device and a hydrogen sulfide decomposition method. The reaction device includes: a first cavity; a second cavity, the second cavity being embedded inside or outside the first cavity; an inner electrode, the inner electrode being arranged in the first cavity; an outer electrode; and a barrier dielectric arranged between the outer electrode and the inner electrode. The hydrogen sulfide decomposition method includes: implementing dielectric barrier discharge at the outer electrode and the inner electrode of the low temperature plasma reaction device, introducing a raw material gas containing hydrogen sulfide into the first cavity to implement a hydrogen sulfide decomposition method, and continuously introducing a thermally conductive medium into the second cavity in order to control the temperature of the first cavity of the low temperature plasma reaction device.

The embodiments disclosed herein are directed to systems, methods, and devices for producing materials having desired characteristics using microwave plasma. In some embodiments, performing an iterative process may be used to produce a material having desired characteristics, the process comprising forming a microwave plasma within the reaction chamber, analyzing the plasma to determine if properties of the plasma are within a range expected to produce the desired characteristics of the material; and adjusting, based on the analysis of the plasma, one or more parameters. In some embodiments, an extension tube is provided within a microwave plasma apparatus to extend the length of a microwave plasma.