Disclosed apparatuses, systems, and materials relate to the disassociation of feedstock species (such as those in gaseous form) into constituent components, and may include an energy generator configured to provide a microwave energy. A first chamber defines a first volume and is configured to guide the microwave energy along the first chamber as a sinusoidal wave having an energy maxima at a point along the first chamber. A second chamber contains a plasma plume and is positioned substantially proximal to the first chamber, and is configured to enable propagation of the microwave energy through the first chamber and the second chamber such that the microwave energy demonstrates, at a radial center of the second chamber, a coaxial energy maxima configured to ignite the plasma plume contained in the second chamber. Carbon-containing materials may be formed by controlling flow parameters of the feedstock species into the first or second chamber.

A system for producing carbonaceous materials is disclosed that includes an energy source configured to emit microwave energy and a plasma reactor coupled to receive the microwave energy and configured to produce plasma in response to exposure of one or more process gases to the microwave energy. In some instances, the plasma reactor includes a first chamber having a rectangular cross-section and configured to receive the microwave energy from the energy source as sinusoidal waveform, a second chamber having a cylindrical cross-section and configured to receive microwave energy from the first chamber as a radial waveform having an energy maxima at a radial center of the cylindrical cross-section, the second chamber including an opening to receive one or more process gases and configured to ignite a plasma plume, and a gas-solid separator configured to separate solid materials from the plasma plume.

The present disclosure relates to a system and a method for preparing carbon nanofiber and hydrogen through continuous microwave pyrolysis. The system includes four apparatus. The melting and feeding apparatus is to heat and melt feedstocks. The microwave pyrolysis apparatus is for catalytic pyrolysis and includes a feedstock inlet, a gas outlet and a carbon outlet. The gas purification and utilization apparatus is for hydrogen purification and residual gas separation, The power generation apparatus includes a generator and a small internal combustion engine utilizing residual gas as fuel, and the generated smoke is conveyed to the melting and feeding apparatus for feedstocks melting. According to the present disclosure, a poly-generation system for co-producing high-performance carbon materials and hydrogen through plastic wastes with greatly increased energy utilization rate is formed to solve the technical problems of low product yield and high energy consumption in traditional pyrolysis.

A vessel system for high-pressure reactions is disclosed. The system includes a plugged polymer cylinder reaction vessel with a pressure vent opening extending radially through the wall of the reaction vessel and a supporting frame into which the vessel is received. Complementing keying structure elements on the vessel and on the frame limit the orientation of the reaction vessel in the supporting frame and the radially extending vent opening to a defined single position.

A method and apparatus for the manufacture of nitric oxide and/or nitrogen dioxide in which a plasma is formed from nitrogen and oxygen passed through gas inlets into a reaction chamber to create a vorticular flow in the reaction chamber. A source of microwave energy is used to energise the nitrogen and oxygen in a microwave transparent inner plasma containment

A structural improvement for microwave-assisted high temperature high-pressure chemistry vessel systems is disclosed that among other advantages offers dynamic venting and resealing while a reaction proceeds and eliminates the risk of cross contamination associated with systems that use a common pressurized chamber. The improvement includes a relatively thin-walled disposable liner cylinder that includes one closed end and one open end defining a mouth, and a liner cap positioned in the mouth of the rigid liner cylinder for closing the rigid liner cylinder. The liner cap includes a depending column that engages the inside diameter of the rigid liner cylinder, and a disk at one end of the depending column having a diameter sufficient to rest upon the rigid liner cylinder without falling into the rigid cylinder liner so that the cylindrical liner cap can rest in the rigid liner cylinder at the mouth of the rigid liner cylinder. The depending column, includes a passage to provide a gas venting space, and a dynamic venting action, between the liner cap and the rigid liner cylinder.

The present disclosure relates to a system and a method for preparing carbon nanofiber and hydrogen through continuous microwave pyrolysis. The system includes four apparatus. The melting and feeding apparatus is to heat and melt feedstocks. The microwave pyrolysis apparatus is for catalytic pyrolysis and includes a feedstock inlet, a gas outlet and a carbon outlet. The gas purification and utilization apparatus is for hydrogen purification and residual gas separation, The power generation apparatus includes a generator and a small internal combustion engine utilizing residual gas as fuel, and the generated smoke is conveyed to the melting and feeding apparatus for feedstocks melting. According to the present disclosure, a poly-generation system for co-producing high-performance carbon materials and hydrogen through plastic wastes with greatly increased energy utilization rate is formed to solve the technical problems of low product yield and high energy consumption in traditional pyrolysis.

A chemical reaction method includes preparing a chemical reaction apparatus including a horizontal flow reactor partitioned into multiple chambers by multiple partition plates. A liquid content horizontally flows with an unfilled space provided thereabove. a microwave generator and a waveguide that transmits microwaves to the unfilled space are also included. The reactor is inclined such that, in each of the chambers, a weir height on an inlet side is higher than a weir height on an outlet side by at least an overflow depth at the partition plate on the outlet side. The content is flowed over each of the multiple partition plates inside the reactor. The content flowing inside the reactor is irradiated with microwaves. The inclination angle of the reactor is changed in each of the chambers so that a weir height on an inlet side is higher than a weir height on an outlet side.

A chemical reaction apparatus includes a horizontal flow-type reactor in which a content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove, a microwave generator that generates microwaves, and at least one waveguide that transmits the microwaves generated by the microwave generator to the unfilled space in the reactor.

Described is a chemical reactor, in particular of the batch type, including a main body defining a reaction space for chemical processes, a head element configured to hermetically seal the main body, a supporting base designed to contain the main body and a plurality of discretizing elements, which are anchored or can be anchored to the head element and extending inside said main body according to a main direction of extension, configured to discretize the process operations into sub-spaces for releasing activation energy.

The head element is movable in such a way as to form, using said discretizing elements, controlled mixing of the reactions and measurements, preferably density measurements, of the solutions.