Methods and apparatus are disclosed for producing diamond masses and products thereof using diamond unit cell forming reactions in vapor phase and solid phase. The present invention enables the fabrication of diamond products having a purity and morphology previously unattainable.

A product of a chemical reaction, being a five carbon atom molecule having a tetrahedral structure consisting of four apical carbon atoms and a fifth carbon atom located centrally within the tetrahedral structure.

A structural improvement for microwave-assisted high temperature high-pressure chemistry vessel systems is disclosed that among other advantages offers dynamic venting and resealing while a reaction proceeds and eliminates the risk of cross contamination associated with systems that use a common pressurized chamber. The improvement includes a relatively thin-walled disposable liner cylinder that includes one closed end and one open end defining a mouth, and a liner cap positioned in the mouth of the rigid liner cylinder for closing the rigid liner cylinder. The liner cap includes a depending column that engages the inside diameter of the rigid liner cylinder, and a disk at one end of the depending column having a diameter sufficient to rest upon the rigid liner cylinder without falling into the rigid cylinder liner so that the cylindrical liner cap can rest in the rigid liner cylinder at the mouth of the rigid liner cylinder. The depending column, includes a passage to provide a gas venting space, and a dynamic venting action, between the liner cap and the rigid liner cylinder.

Microwave systems and new applications of microwave in medical, chemical and materials manufacturing and processing, food and health industries as well as in analytical chemistry instrumentation for in situ study of microwave effects are provided. In the case of medical applications, the microwave based damage is conducted in a way to diminish ablating or damaging the collateral tissue and to increase the probability of procedure achievement.

A structural improvement for microwave-assisted high temperature high-pressure chemistry vessel systems is disclosed that among other advantages offers dynamic venting and resealing while a reaction proceeds and eliminates the risk of cross contamination associated with systems that use a common pressurized chamber. The improvement includes a relatively thin-walled disposable liner cylinder that includes one closed end and one open end defining a mouth, and a liner cap positioned in the mouth of the rigid liner cylinder for closing the rigid liner cylinder. The liner cap includes a depending column that engages the inside diameter of the rigid liner cylinder, and a disk at one end of the depending column having a diameter sufficient to rest upon the rigid liner cylinder without falling into the rigid cylinder liner so that the cylindrical liner cap can rest in the rigid liner cylinder at the mouth of the rigid liner cylinder. The depending column, includes a passage to provide a gas venting space, and a dynamic venting action, between the liner cap and the rigid liner cylinder.

The present disclosure relates to novel microwave systems and new applications of microwave in medical, chemical and materials manufacturing and processing, food and health industries as well as in analytical chemistry instrumentation for in situ study of microwave effects. In the case of medical applications, the microwave based damage is conducted in a way to diminish ablating or damaging the collateral tissue and to increase the probability of procedure achievement.

A microwave reactor constructed to produce a homogeneous heat distribution across the body of the microwave reactor subsequent exposure to microwave irradiation. The microwave reactor includes a body having an exterior wall transparent to microwave irradiation. A microwave sensitized element layer is adjacent the exterior wall and is comprised of a carbide mixture wherein the carbide mixture includes a carbide mixed with either a metal oxide, a ferrite or a nitride. The carbide mixture is in granular form wherein the carbide has a larger particle size than the other component. The microwave sensitized element layer further includes a metal layer that extends the length thereof. The metal layer is positioned in various arrangements within or adjacent to the carbide mixture. The body further includes an inner layer adjacent to the microwave sensitized layer opposite the exterior wall. The inner layer is transparent to microwave irradiation.

A microwave reduction furnace including a reaction furnace provided with a refractory chamber of silica or silicon carbide for storing a material therein, a supply section for supplying the material into the refractory chamber, the material being a mixture of a silica powder and a graphite powder or a mixture of a silica powder, a silicon carbide powder and a graphite powder, a discharge section for discharging molten silicon, obtained through reduction, out of the chamber, and a microwave oscillator for outputting microwave toward the refractory chamber in the reaction furnace with a degree of directionality by virtue of a helical antenna or a waveguide.

Embodiments described herein generally relate to articles and methods for containing compositions comprising hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the article comprises a container that comprises glass. In some cases, the container may further comprise TiO.sub.2, which may be embedded within the glass, coated on the glass, etc. The container further may contain a composition within the container. In some cases, the composition may comprise dissolved hydrogen gas. Such compositions may be useful, for example, for the treatment of animal and human diseases, for improvement in athletic performance, for the enhancement of the overall health of a subject, or the like.

Embodiments described herein generally relate to articles and methods for containing compositions comprising hydrogen gas. In some embodiments, the article comprises a container that comprises glass. In some cases, the container may further comprise TiO.sub.2, which may be embedded within the glass, coated on the glass, etc. The container further may contain a composition within the container. In some cases, the composition may comprise dissolved hydrogen gas. Such compositions may be useful, for example, for the treatment of animal and human diseases, for improvement in athletic performance, for the enhancement of the overall health of a subject, or the like.