A system includes a first chamber, a second chamber, an ultraviolet light source and a microwave source. The first chamber includes an inlet. The second chamber is adjacent the first chamber and includes an outlet and a waveguide. The ultraviolet light source resides within the waveguide of the second chamber. Related apparatus, systems, techniques and articles are also described.

A non-thermal plasma is generated to selectively convert a precursor to a product. More specifically, plasma forming material and a precursor material are provided to a reaction zone of a vessel. The reaction zone is exposed to microwave radiation, including exposing the plasma forming material and the precursor material to the microwave radiation. The exposure of the plasma forming material to the microwave radiation selectively converts the plasma forming material to a non-thermal plasma including formation of one or more streamers. The precursor material is mixed with the plasma forming material and the precursor material is exposed to the non-thermal plasma including exposing the precursor material to the one or more streamers. The exposure of the precursor material to the streamers and the microwave radiation selectively converts the precursor material to a product.

Provided is a process for producing fluorinated alkenes by providing a microwave plasma in a reactor chamber, introducing a protective gas feed into the reactor chamber, and contacting a conversion feed comprising at least one fluorinated linear or branched alkane with the plasma. Also provided are an apparatus and the use of the process and the apparatus.

Embodiments relate to generating non-thermal plasma to selectively convert a precursor to a product. More specifically, plasma forming material, a precursor material, and a plasma promoter material are provided to a reaction zone of a vessel. The reaction zone is exposed to microwave radiation, including exposing the plasma forming material, the precursor material, and the plasma promoter material to the microwave radiation. The exposure of the plasma forming material and the plasma promoter material to the microwave radiation selectively converts the plasma forming material to a micro-plasma. The precursor material is mixed with the plasma forming material and the precursor material is exposed to the micro-plasma. The exposure of the precursor material to the micro-plasma and the microwave radiation selectively converts the precursor material to a product.

A chemical reaction method includes preparing a chemical reaction apparatus including a horizontal flow reactor partitioned into multiple chambers by multiple partition plates. A liquid content horizontally flows with an unfilled space provided thereabove. a microwave generator and a waveguide that transmits microwaves to the unfilled space are also included. The reactor is inclined such that, in each of the chambers, a weir height on an inlet side is higher than a weir height on an outlet side by at least an overflow depth at the partition plate on the outlet side. The content is flowed over each of the multiple partition plates inside the reactor. The content flowing inside the reactor is irradiated with microwaves. The inclination angle of the reactor is changed in each of the chambers so that a weir height on an inlet side is higher than a weir height on an outlet side.

A stirrer includes a magnetic bar and a microwave absorbing layer around the magnetic bar. The stirrer absorbs a microwave and converts the microwave to thermal energy to heat the mixed solution reactant.

There is provided an apparatus comprising a microwave generator, for heating catalyst material, and an electrochemical pump. A reactive process is catalyzed by the heated catalyst material to produce reaction products, and some of the reaction products are recovered via the electrochemical pump.

A fluid treatment apparatus is described for the treatment of a fluid substance having multiple component substances to control levels of one or more particular component substances. The apparatus has a reactor chamber; a fluid inlet adapted to provide fluid communication from an external supply of a fluid substance to be treated to said reactor chamber whereby said fluid substance may pass into and through said reactor chamber; a fluid outlet adapted to provide a fluid communication from said reactor chamber whereby said fluid substance may pass from said reactor chamber; at least one first electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waveguide, having at least one first waveguide input port operably coupled within said reactor chamber and adapted to couple electromagnetic radiation of a predetermined first wavelength to a fluid substance passing through said reactor chamber. A method for the treatment of a fluid substance is also described.

A system includes a first chamber, a second chamber, an ultraviolet light source and a microwave source. The first chamber includes an inlet. The second chamber is adjacent the first chamber and includes an outlet and a waveguide. The ultraviolet light source resides within the waveguide of the second chamber. Related apparatus, systems, techniques and articles are also described.

A plasma treatment apparatus which performs uniform plasma treatment on a liquid. A plasma treatment apparatus includes a coaxial waveguide having an inner conductor, a first outer conductor, and a second outer conductor; a microwave generation unit; an outside tube which is located on the outer side of the first outer conductor and the second outer conductor and which in cooperation with the first outer conductor and the second outer conductor forms a flow path through which a liquid flows; and a plasma generation region. A first protrusion of the first outer conductor and a second protrusion of the second outer conductor face each other in a non-contacting state. The plasma generation region is a region extending along a facing location where the first protrusion of the first outer conductor and the second protrusion of the second outer conductor face each other.