A production method of producing a fluorine-containing olefin by allowing a first olefin represented by the following Formula (1) and a second olefin to react with each other in the presence of a ruthenium compound represented by the following Formula (X) is provided.

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Disclosed are a catalyst for carbonylation of dimethyl ether that has high catalyst activity and can be regenerated using a fluidized bed reactor, and a method for preparing the same. The catalyst for carbonylation of dimethyl ether includes a support having a first density; and ferrierite zeolite catalyst particles bound to a surface of the support via a polymer binder and having a second density smaller than the first density.

A cyclopropanation method includes reacting an alcohol, an ester, or an aldehyde with a sulfone in an organic solvent containing a base providing a counter cation to form a cyclopropane; and isolating the cyclopropane. When using the alcohol or ester, the organic solvent further contains a catalyst having an alcohol dehydrogenation activity.

A process for dehydrating methanol to dimethyl ether product in the presence of a solid Brønsted acid catalyst which is an aluminosilicate zeolite or a heteropolyacid and a promoter which is (i) a ketone of formula R.sup.1COR.sup.2 (Formula I) in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and are each a C.sub.1-C.sub.11 alkyl group and furthermore R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together with the carbonyl carbon atom to which they are bonded may form a cyclic ketone; or (ii) a ketal derivative of a ketone of Formula I; and the molar ratio of promoter to methanol is maintained at 0.5 or less.

This disclosure is directed to: (a) processes for preparing compounds and salts thereof that, inter alia, are useful for inhibiting hepatitis C virus (HCV); (b) intermediates useful for the preparation of the compounds and salts; (c) pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds or salts; and (d) methods of use of such compositions.

A one-pot process for preparing cedazuridine of formula (I),

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comprising: subjecting a compound of formula (M3)

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to deprotection and then epimerization in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to obtain a reaction mixture comprising cedazuridine, wherein R on the compound of formula (M3) is independently selected from the group consisting of Ac (acetyl), Bz (benzoyl), p-nitrobenzoyl and OtBu (tert-butyloxycarbonyl), and the deprotection and epimerization are conducted in the same reactor without isolating after the deprotection and before the epimerization; and isolating cedazuridine from the reaction mixture.

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of aromatic carboxyamides of formula I, which can be obtained by a palladium-catalyzed carbonylation reaction of aromatic chlorides of formula II, amines of formula III and carbon monoxide in the presence of 1,5,7-triazabi-cyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene. The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of aryl-5-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles, which are known for controlling phytopathogenic fungi.

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A cyclopropanation method includes reacting an alcohol, an ester, or an aldehyde with a sulfone in an organic solvent containing a base providing a counter cation to form a cyclopropane; and isolating the cyclopropane. When using the alcohol or ester, the organic solvent further contains a catalyst having an alcohol dehydrogenation activity.

A process for dehydrating methanol to dimethyl ether product in the presence of a solid Brønsted acid catalyst which is an aluminosilicate zeolite or a heteropolyacid and a promoter which is (i) a ketone of formula R.sup.1COR.sup.2 (Formula I) in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and are each a C.sub.1-C.sub.11 alkyl group and furthermore R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together with the carbonyl carbon atom to which they are bonded may form a cyclic ketone; or (ii) a ketal derivative of a ketone of Formula I; and the molar ratio of promoter to methanol is maintained at 0.5 or less.

The invention is directed to a process to continuously prepare a cyclic carbonate product by reacting an epoxide compound with carbon dioxide in the presence of a supported dimeric aluminium salen complex. The process is performed in a reactor comprising a slurry of the supported dimeric aluminium salen complex and liquid cyclic carbonate product. The produced cyclic carbonate is discharged from the reactor while the supported dimeric aluminium salen complex remains in the reactor. The liquid carbonate product is purified by means of distillation. Between the reactor and the distillation one or more buffer vessels are present having a volume of between 5 and 50 m.sup.3 per kmol of dimeric aluminium salen complex as present in the reactor.