This invention is directed to a method of oxygenating hydrocarbons with molecular oxygen, O.sub.2, as oxidant under electrochemical reducing conditions, using polyoxometalate compounds containing copper such as Q.sub.10[Cu.sub.4(H.sub.2O).sub.2(B-α-PW.sub.9O.sub.34).sub.2] or Q.sub.13{[Cu(H.sub.2O)].sub.3[(A-α-PW.sub.9O.sub.34).sub.2(NO.sub.3).sup.−]} or solvates thereof as catalysts, wherein Q are each independently selected from alkali metal cations, alkaline earth metal cations, transition metal cations, NH.sub.4.sup.+, H.sup.+ or any combination thereof.

This invention is directed to a method of oxygenating hydrocarbons with molecular oxygen, O.sub.2, as oxidant under electrochemical reducing conditions, using polyoxometalate compounds containing copper such as Q.sub.10[Cu.sub.4(H.sub.2O).sub.2(B-α-PW.sub.9O.sub.34).sub.2] or Q.sub.13{[Cu(H.sub.2O)].sub.3[(A-α-PW.sub.9O.sub.34).sub.2(NO.sub.3).sup.−]} or solvates thereof as catalysts, wherein Q are each independently selected from alkali metal cations, alkaline earth metal cations, transition metal cations, NH.sub.4.sup.+, H.sup.+ or any combination thereof.

A method for preparing a molybdenum-bismuth-based composite metal oxide.

A method for preparing a molybdenum-bismuth-based composite metal oxide.

A novel steam reforming catalyst comprising hibonite and potassium beta-alumina with improved resilience, improved activity, reduced potassium leaching and reduced coking problems. It also regards a method for producing the novel catalyst and uses of the novel catalyst in reforming reactors, in a plant for producing hydrogen gas, or in a plant for producing synthesis gas.

A novel steam reforming catalyst comprising hibonite and potassium beta-alumina with improved resilience, improved activity, reduced potassium leaching and reduced coking problems. It also regards a method for producing the novel catalyst and uses of the novel catalyst in reforming reactors, in a plant for producing hydrogen gas, or in a plant for producing synthesis gas.

A catalyst containing, as an essential component, molybdenum; bismuth; and cobalt, in which a sum (S) of ratios of peak intensities expressed by the following formula in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by using CuKα rays as an X-ray source is 42 or more and 113 or less.

S={(peak intensity at 2θ=14.1°±0.1°+(peak intensity at 2θ=25.4°±0.1°)+(peak intensity at 2θ=28.5°±0.1°)}/(peak intensity at 2θ=26.5°±0.1°)×100

A catalyst containing, as an essential component, molybdenum; bismuth; and cobalt, in which a sum (S) of ratios of peak intensities expressed by the following formula in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by using CuKα rays as an X-ray source is 42 or more and 113 or less.

S={(peak intensity at 2θ=14.1°±0.1°+(peak intensity at 2θ=25.4°±0.1°)+(peak intensity at 2θ=28.5°±0.1°)}/(peak intensity at 2θ=26.5°±0.1°)×100

A catalyst containing, as an essential component, molybdenum; bismuth; and cobalt, in which, with respect to a peak intensity at 2θ=25.3°±0.2° in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by using CuKα rays as an X-ray source, a changing rate (Q1) per 1000 hours of reaction time represented by the following formulae (1) to (4) is 16 or less.

Q1={(U1/F1−1)×100}/T×1000  (1)

F1=(peak intensity of catalyst before oxidation reaction at 2θ=25.3°±)0.2°/(peak intensity of catalyst before oxidation reaction at 2θ=26.5°±0.2°)×100  (2)

U1=(peak intensity of catalyst after oxidation reaction at 2θ=25.3°±0.2°)/(peak intensity of catalyst after oxidation reaction at 2θ=26.5°±0.2°)×100  (3)

T=time (hr) during which oxidation reaction is carried out  (4)

A catalyst containing, as an essential component, molybdenum; bismuth; and cobalt, in which, with respect to a peak intensity at 2θ=25.3°±0.2° in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by using CuKα rays as an X-ray source, a changing rate (Q1) per 1000 hours of reaction time represented by the following formulae (1) to (4) is 16 or less.

Q1={(U1/F1−1)×100}/T×1000  (1)

F1=(peak intensity of catalyst before oxidation reaction at 2θ=25.3°±)0.2°/(peak intensity of catalyst before oxidation reaction at 2θ=26.5°±0.2°)×100  (2)

U1=(peak intensity of catalyst after oxidation reaction at 2θ=25.3°±0.2°)/(peak intensity of catalyst after oxidation reaction at 2θ=26.5°±0.2°)×100  (3)

T=time (hr) during which oxidation reaction is carried out  (4)