Disclosed is catalyst composition, a process for preparing the catalyst composition, and a use of the catalyst composition. The catalyst composition comprises 1 wt % to 4 wt % of free azacarbene, 1 wt % to 2 wt % of azacarbene iron, 15 wt % to 30 wt % of a phase transfer catalyst, 1 wt % to 5 wt % of a hydrogen donor, 5 wt % to 10 wt % of phosphoric acid, 0.5 wt % to 1 wt % of emulsifier, with the rest being solvent. This disclosure also provides a process for preparing the catalyst composition, comprising: mixing the free azacarbene and the azacarbene iron with the solvent according to a ratio, then adding and mixing the phase transfer catalyst and the hydrogen donor, then adding and mixing the phosphoric acid and the emulsifier to obtain the catalyst composition. The beneficial effect of this disclosure is: only less azacarbene iron and free azacarbene are needed to achieve rapid and efficient viscosity reduction of heavy oil.

Processes for separating conjunct polymer from an organic phase are described. A mixture comprising an ionic liquid phase and the organic phase into the ionic phase and an organic phase comprising the conjunct polymer and at least one silyl or boryl compound. The organic phase is separated in a fractionation column into an overhead fraction comprising unreacted silane or borane compound and a bottoms fraction comprising the conjunct polymer and the silyl or boryl compound. The bottoms fraction is passed through an adsorption zone, and the silyl or boryl compound is recovered. Alternatively, the organic phase is passed through an adsorption zone first to remove the conjunct polymer and then a fractionation zone to separate the unreacted silane or borane compound from the silyl or boryl compound.

The present invention is to provide a method of producing an alkene that can further enhance the yield of an alkene, a reaction product, the method including bringing a gaseous halogenated alkane into contact with an alkaline aqueous solution in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst. The objective above is achieved by a method of producing an alkene comprising bringing in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst a liquid phase containing an alkaline aqueous solution and a water-insoluble solvent into contact with a gas phase containing a halogenated alkane that is soluble in the water-insoluble solvent.

The present invention is to provide a method of producing an alkene that can further enhance the yield of an alkene, a reaction product, the method including bringing a gaseous halogenated alkane into contact with an alkaline aqueous solution in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst. The objective above is achieved by a method of producing an alkene comprising bringing in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst a liquid phase containing an alkaline aqueous solution and a water-insoluble solvent into contact with a gas phase containing a halogenated alkane that is soluble in the water-insoluble solvent.

The present invention enables provision of a production method for 1,2,3,5,6-pentathiepane, the method comprising, in the following order, step A for reacting a trithiocarbonate, sulfur, and a methane dihalide together using a phase-transfer catalyst in a multilayer system having a water layer and an organic layer, step B for separating the water layer from the organic layer, and step C for stopping the reaction using an acid.

Disclosed herein are methods of producing E-CF.sub.3CHCHCF.sub.3 in a liquid phase. Also disclosed are methods of preparing CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHClCF.sub.3 and CF.sub.3CHClCH.sub.2CCl.sub.3.

The present invention enables provision of a production method for 1,2,3,5,6-pentathiepane, the method comprising, in the following order, step A for reacting a trithiocarbonate, sulfur, and a methane dihalide together using a phase-transfer catalyst in a multilayer system having a water layer and an organic layer, step B for separating the water layer from the organic layer, and step C for stopping the reaction using an acid.

The present invention provides a process for the dehydrochlorination of a chlorinated alkane to produce a chlorinated alkene. In particular, the processes comprise contacting a chlorinated alkane, a base, and a phase transfer catalyst.

Disclosed herein are methods of producing E-CF.sub.3CHCHCF.sub.3 in a liquid phase. Also disclosed are methods of preparing CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHClCF.sub.3 and CF.sub.3CHClCH.sub.2CCl.sub.3.

A process for the alkylation of picolinamides with substituted chloroacylals to produce a structure of Formula (III), wherein the reaction is performed in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst and an inorganic halide co-catalyst. ##STR00001##