A method of producing an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or ester such as (meth) acrylic acid or alkyl esters thereof, for example, methyl methacrylate is described. The process comprises the steps of contacting formaldehyde or a suitable source thereof with a carboxylic acid or ester, for example, propionic acid or alkyl esters thereof in the presence of a catalyst and optionally an alcohol. The catalyst comprises group II metal phosphate crystals having rod or needle like morphology or a suitable source thereof. The phosphate may be a hydroxyapatite, pyrophosphate, hydroxyphosphate, PO.sub.4.sup.2− phosphate or mixtures thereof. The group II metal may be selected from Ca, Sr, Ba or mixtures thereof, for example, strontium hydroxyapatite and calcium hydroxyapatite. A catalyst system comprising a crystalline metal phosphate catalyst and a catalyst support is also described. The metal phosphate has rod/needle like morphology.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for suppressing the corrosion of a reactor and reducing waste in the production of 2-furaldehyde from a sugar raw material containing a hexose as a constituent component, and another object of the invention is to provide an industrially advantageous method for producing 2-furaldehyde, which suppresses a decrease in the activity of a catalyst in a case of using an acid catalyst and provides a higher yield. The present invention relates to a method for producing 2-furaldehyde comprising heating a sugar raw material containing a hexose as a constituent component in an aprotic polar solvent in the presence of a solid acid catalyst.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for suppressing the corrosion of a reactor and reducing waste in the production of 2-furaldehyde from a sugar raw material containing a hexose as a constituent component, and another object of the invention is to provide an industrially advantageous method for producing 2-furaldehyde, which suppresses a decrease in the activity of a catalyst in a case of using an acid catalyst and provides a higher yield. The present invention relates to a method for producing 2-furaldehyde comprising heating a sugar raw material containing a hexose as a constituent component in an aprotic polar solvent in the presence of a solid acid catalyst.

The present invention aims to provide a regeneration method capable of sufficiently restoring the catalytic performance of a solid catalyst used in a dehydration reaction of lactic acid and derivatives thereof. The present invention relates to a method for regenerating a solid catalyst used in a dehydration reaction of lactic acid and derivatives of lactic acid, the method including a contacting step of bringing a solid catalyst containing a component that forms a molten salt in the presence of steam into contact with oxygen and steam under pressure.

The present invention aims to provide a regeneration method capable of sufficiently restoring the catalytic performance of a solid catalyst used in a dehydration reaction of lactic acid and derivatives thereof. The present invention relates to a method for regenerating a solid catalyst used in a dehydration reaction of lactic acid and derivatives of lactic acid, the method including a contacting step of bringing a solid catalyst containing a component that forms a molten salt in the presence of steam into contact with oxygen and steam under pressure.

To provide a catalyst capable of hydrotreating a hydrocarbon oil with high desulfurization activity.

A hydrotreating catalyst for a hydrocarbon oil includes: an inorganic composite oxide carrier including alumina as a main component; and an active metal component supported on the carrier, the active metal component including, as active metal species, a first metal which is at least one of molybdenum and tungsten, and a second metal which is at least one of cobalt and nickel, the hydrotreating catalyst for having a Lewis acid amount and a Brönsted acid amount per unit surface area of 0.80 μmol/m.sup.2 or more and 0.03 μmol/m.sup.2 or less, respectively, as measured by pyridine desorption at 250° C. and a BET single-point method.

The present invention relates to innovative catalysts for producing oligomeric polyisocyanates. These catalysts comprise polyhedral silsesquioxanes to which cyclic phosphorus(III) or phosphorus(V) compounds have been coupled.

A compound having the formula (I): ##STR00001##
is disclosed. A method of preparing the compound of formula (I) is also disclosed.

To provide a catalyst capable of hydrotreating a hydrocarbon oil with high desulfurization activity. A hydrotreating catalyst for a hydrocarbon oil includes: an inorganic composite oxide carrier including alumina as a main component; and an active metal component supported on the carrier, the active metal component including, as active metal species, a first metal which is at least one of molybdenum and tungsten, and a second metal which is at least one of cobalt and nickel, the hydrotreating catalyst for having a Lewis acid amount and a Brnsted acid amount per unit surface area of 0.80 mol/m.sup.2 or more and 0.03 mol/m.sup.2 or less, respectively, as measured by pyridine desorption at 250 C. and a BET single-point method.

The present disclosure relates to solid phosphoric acid (SPA) catalyst compositions useful in the formation of hydrocarbons, such as the oligomerization of olefins, prepared from formable mixtures that comprise a phosphate source and a siliceous support material source in amounts, for example, such that the ratio of the phosphate source and the siliceous support material source is within the range of about 2.9:1 to about 3.4:1 calculated on a weight basis as H.sub.3PO.sub.4:SiO.sub.2, and a dry particulate material.