The present invention relates to a hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst, comprising a first nanoparticle comprising silver halide (AgX); a second nanoparticle, which is formed on an outer surface of the first nanoparticle and comprises Ag; and a polymer formed on any one outer surface of the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle, and a preparation method thereof. Specifically, the present invention provides a hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst having a high photocatalytic activity in a visible light region and a preparation method thereof.

An amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst has a catalyst pocket size that promotes transesterification and dehydrative esterification. The amide/iminium zwitterions are easily prepared by reacting aziridines with aminopyridines. The reaction can be applied a wide variety of esterification processes including the large-scale synthesis of biodiesel. The amide/iminium zwitterions allow the avoidance of strongly basic or acidic condition and avoidance of metal contamination in the products. Reactions are carried out at ambient or only modestly elevated temperatures. The amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst is easily recycled and reactions proceed in high to quantitative yields.

A photothermal catalytic method for production of hydrogen peroxide without a sacrificial reagent on the basis of a porphyrin-based supermolecule is provided. The method includes the following steps: uniformly mixing a porphyrin-based supermolecule photocatalyst with a concentration of 0.3-1.5 g/L with ultrapure water, conducting irradiation with a visible light for a period of time under stirring at a temperature of 40-80° C. and an O.sub.2 flow rate of 50-150 mL/min, and then filtering and concentrating a reaction liquid to obtain an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution with a high concentration. According to the new photothermal catalytic method for preparing the hydrogen peroxide provided in the present disclosure, no organic solvent (such as ethanol, isopropanol and benzyl alcohol) is used as a sacrificial reagent, and the method is environmentally friendly and free of pollution. O.sub.2 is used as an oxygen source, sunlight is used as an energy source, and the method is low in energy consumption and high in safety (compared with an industrial anthraquinone method for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide). The method is simple in operation, mild in reaction conditions and high in production of the hydrogen peroxide.

Aspects of the present disclosure include compositions comprising iminium catalyst, methods of making, methods of using, and the like.

A method for making a fuel includes reacting a conjugated diene or a mixture of conjugated dienes with a catalyst selected from the group consisting of a low valent iron catalyst stabilized with a pyridineimine ligand, an iron precatalyst coordinated to the pyridineimine ligand that is activated with a reducing agent, a low oxidation state Fe complex stabilized with a pyridineimine ligand and a coordinating ligand, and combinations thereof, thereby forming a substituted cyclooctadiene. The substituted cyclooctadiene is then hydrogenated, thereby forming cyclooctane fuel.

Provided is a polymerization catalyst including a metal complex obtained by mixing at least one ketimine derivative selected from the group consisting of a -ketimine compound and a tautomer thereof with a compound having at least one metal selected from among Group 4 and 5 transitional metals, an organoaluminum compound, and a halogen compound.

Disclosed is an imine-type quaternary ammonium salt catalyst, wherein the catalyst has a general structure formula shown by formula I below; in the formula, R1 and R2, respectively, are independently selected from a C1-C20 linear alkyl or a branched C3-C20 alkyl, and a C1-C20 hydroxylalkyl, a C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and arylated alkyl; R3 is a linear or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl; and R4 is hydrogen, aryl, a linear C1-C15 alkyl or branched C3-C15 alkyl. Also disclosed are a method for preparing the catalyst and a polyisocyanate composition prepared therefrom. The catalyst, by introducing an imine structure, on the basis of ensuring high catalytic activity thereof, is allowed to have properties of high temperature decomposition and inactivation, and when applied to the synthesis of polyisocyanate, can effectively prevent the risk of explosive polymerization caused by an uncontrolled reaction.

An amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst has a catalyst pocket size that promotes transesterification and dehydrative esterification. The amide/iminium zwitterions are easily prepared by reacting aziridines with aminopyridines. The reaction can be applied a wide variety of esterification processes including the large-scale synthesis of biodiesel. The amide/iminium zwitterions allow the avoidance of strongly basic or acidic condition and avoidance of metal contamination in the products. Reactions are carried out at ambient or only modestly elevated temperatures. The amide/iminium zwitterion catalyst is easily recycled and reactions proceed in high to quantitative yields.

Disclosed is an imine-type quaternary ammonium salt catalyst, wherein the catalyst has a general structure formula shown by formula I below; in the formula, R1 and R2, respectively, are independently selected from a C1-C20 linear alkyl or a branched C3-C20 alkyl, and a C1-C20 hydroxylalkyl, a C3-C8 cycloalkyl, and arylated alkyl; R3 is a linear or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl; and R4 is hydrogen, aryl, a linear C1-C15 alkyl or branched C3-C15 alkyl. Also disclosed are a method for preparing the catalyst and a polyisocyanate composition prepared therefrom. The catalyst, by introducing an imine structure, on the basis of ensuring high catalytic activity thereof, is allowed to have properties of high temperature decomposition and inactivation, and when applied to the synthesis of polyisocyanate, can effectively prevent the risk of explosive polymerization caused by an uncontrolled reaction.

Aspects of the present disclosure include compositions comprising iminium catalyst, methods of making, methods of using, and the like.