An antifouling coating composition including a copolymer including two or more moieties represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a linking group between the two or more moieties, a method of preparing the copolymer, and an antifouling film produced from the antifouling coating composition. ##STR00001## In Chemical Formula 1, the definitions of Ar, A, B, C, D, and m are as described in the specification.

The invention relates to chiral imidodiphosphates and derivatives thereof having the general formula I, ##STR00001## The compounds are suitable as chiral Brønsted acid catalysts, phase-transfer catalysts, chiral anions for organic salts, metal salts or metal complexes for catalysis.

An antifouling coating composition including a copolymer including two or more moieties represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a linking group between the two or more moieties, a method of preparing the copolymer, and an antifouling film produced from the antifouling coating composition.

##STR00001##

In Chemical Formula 1, the definitions of Ar, A, B, C, D, and m are as described in the specification.

Provided is a novel imidic acid compound having a divalent anion useful as a pharmaceutical intermediate, an agrochemical intermediate, an acid catalyst, a battery electrolyte or an antistatic agent. The imidic acid compound is a divalent imidic acid compound represented by the following general formula (1) or (2).

##STR00001##

[In formulae (1) and (2), R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 represent a fluorine atom or an organic groups selected from a linear or branched C1-10 alkoxy group, a C2-10 alkenyloxy group, a C2-10 alkynyloxy group, a C3-10 cycloalkoxy group, a C3-10 cycloalkenyloxy group and a C6-10 aryloxy group, and wherein a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom or an unsaturated bond may also be present in the organic group. M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 represent protons, metal cations or onium cations.]

Provided herein are diaryl and arylalkyl phosphonates, useful as intermediates in, for example, the synthesis of leukocyte elastase inhibitors, potassium channel modulators, chemiluminescence materials, and flame retardants, and methods for making same. Also provided are N-heterocyclic phosphorodiamidic acids (NHPAs) useful in reactions such as, for example, in the preparation of diaryl and arylalkyl phosphonates. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

The present invention includes a multi-layer 3D material, a method of making, and a catalyst comprising: a first, a second, and a third layer, wherein each of the layers are arranged in a nearly parallel fashion with chirality along a center plane.

Provided herein are diaryl and arylalkyl phosphonates, useful as intermediates in, for example, the synthesis of leukocyte elastase inhibitors, potassium channel modulators, chemiluminescence materials, and flame retardants, and methods for making same. Also provided are N-heterocyclic phosphorodiamidic acids (NHPAs) useful in reactions such as, for example, in the preparation of diaryl and arylalkyl phosphonates. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

Provided herein are diaryl and arylalkyl phosphonates, useful as intermediates in, for example, the synthesis of leukocyte elastase inhibitors, potassium channel modulators, chemiluminescence materials, and flame retardants, and methods for making same. Also provided are N-heterocyclic phosphorodiamidic acids (NHPAs) useful in reactions such as, for example, in the preparation of diaryl and arylalkyl phosphonates. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

Provided herein are diaryl and arylalkyl phosphonates, useful as intermediates in, for example, the synthesis of leukocyte elastase inhibitors, potassium channel modulators, chemiluminescence materials, and flame retardants, and methods for making same. Also provided are N-heterocyclic phosphorodiamidic acids (NHPAs) useful in reactions such as, for example, in the preparation of diaryl and arylalkyl phosphonates. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

The present invention relates to a catalyst composition for hydroformylation and a hydroformylation method using the same, and more particularly to a catalyst composition for hydroformylation including a phosphoramidite ligand and a transition metal catalyst, and a hydroformylation method using the catalyst composition. In accordance with the present invention, provided are a catalyst composition for hydroformylation which increases productivity and provides superior catalytic activity and stability while lowering an n/i ratio in generated aldehyde upon hydroformylation of an olefinic compound, and a method of hydroformylating an olefinic compound using the catalyst composition. [Representative Figure] FIG. 1