This disclosure relates to synthetic coupling methods using catalytic molecules. In certain embodiments, the catalytic molecules comprise heterocyclic thiolamide, S-acylthiosalicylamide, disulfide, selenium containing heterocycle, diselenide compound, ditelluride compound or tellurium containing heterocycle. Catalytic molecules disclosed herein are useful as catalysts in the transformation of hydroxy group containing compounds to amides, esters, ketones, and other carbon to heteroatom or carbon to carbon transformations

A mixture M includes at least one compound A selected from (a1) a compound of the general formula (I): R.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3Si—H, and/or (a2) a compound of the general formula (I′): (SiO.sub.4/2).sub.a(R.sup.xSiO.sub.3/2).sub.b(HSiO.sub.3/2).sub.b′(R.sup.x.sub.2SiO.sub.2/2).sub.c(R.sup.xHSiO.sub.2/2).sub.c′(H.sub.2SiO.sub.2/2).sub.c″(R.sup.x.sub.3SiO.sub.1/2).sub.d(HR.sup.x.sub.2SiO.sub.1/2).sub.d′(H.sub.2R.sup.xSiO.sub.1/2).sub.d″(H.sub.3SiO.sub.1/2).sub.d′″, and at least one compound B selected from (b1) a compound of the general formula (II): R.sup.4R.sup.5R.sup.6Si—O—R.sup.7, and/or (b2) a compound of the general formula (II′): R.sup.x.sub.3Si—O[—SiR.sup.x.sub.2—O].sub.m—[Si(OR.sup.7.sub.3)R.sup.x—O].sub.n—SiR.sup.x.sub.3, and at least one compound C selected from the cationic germanium(II) compound of the general formula (III): ([Ge(II)Cp].sup.+).sub.aX.sup.a−.

Methods of making polyisobutylene and catalyst systems are described. Polyisobutylene compositions and catalyst system compositions are also described. In some embodiments, a method of making a catalyst system includes: providing a support material; calcining the support material; and forming a catalyst system by adding to the support material (a) a mixture comprising BF.sub.3, (b) a mixture comprising BF.sub.3 and a complexing agent, or (c) both. In some embodiments, a method of making a polymer composition includes providing a catalyst system comprising: (a) a support material selected from the group consisting of Al.sub.2O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, SnO.sub.2, CeO.sub.2, SiO.sub.2, SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3, and combinations thereof; and (b) BF.sub.3; providing a feedstock comprising isobutylene; forming a reaction mixture comprising the feedstock and the catalyst system; contacting the isobutylene with the catalyst system; and obtaining a polymer composition.

Methods of making polyisobutylene and catalyst systems are described. Polyisobutylene compositions and catalyst system compositions are also described. In some embodiments, a method of making a catalyst system includes: providing a support material comprising one or more ion exchange resins; dehydrating the support material; and forming a catalyst system by adding to the support material (a) a mixture comprising BF.sub.3, (b) a mixture comprising BF.sub.3 and a complexing agent, or (c) both. In some embodiments, a method of making a polymer composition includes providing a catalyst system comprising: (a) a support material comprising one or more ion exchange resins, and (b) BF.sub.3; providing a feedstock comprising isobutylene; forming a reaction mixture comprising the feedstock and the catalyst system; contacting the isobutylene with the catalyst system; and obtaining a polymer composition.

A catalytic process for the metal-free functionalization of sp.sup.2-carbons is described herein. The catalytic process is suitable for forming borylated alkenes, arenes and heteroarenes and comprises the use of catalysts comprising a Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP).

A catalyst represented by General Formula (1) below: ##STR00001## where in the General Formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.14 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.

This disclosure relates to synthetic coupling methods using catalytic molecules. In certain embodiments, the catalytic molecules comprise heterocyclic thiolamide, S-acylthiosalicylamide, disulfide, selenium containing heterocycle, diselenide compound, ditelluride compound or tellurium containing heterocycle. Catalytic molecules disclosed herein are useful as catalysts in the transformation of hydroxy group containing compounds to amides, esters, ketones, and other carbon to heteroatom or carbon to carbon transformations

A two-part topical composition includes a first composition including a S-nitrosothiol nitric oxide donor and a carrier, and a second composition including zinc oxide. The second composition is to be mixed with the first composition. The zinc oxide reacts with the S-nitrosothiol nitric oxide donor at a temperature ranging from about 20 C. to about 40 C. to enhance a rate of release of nitric oxide from a mixture of the first composition and the second composition.

A catalyst represented by General Formula (1) below:

##STR00001## where in the General Formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.14 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.

Methods of making polyisobutylene and catalyst systems are described. Polyisobutylene compositions and catalyst system compositions are also described. In some embodiments, a method of making a catalyst system includes: providing a support material; calcining the support material; and forming a catalyst system by adding to the support material (a) a mixture comprising BF.sub.3, (b) a mixture comprising BF.sub.3 and a complexing agent, or (c) both. In some embodiments, a method of making a polymer composition includes providing a catalyst system comprising: (a) a support material selected from the group consisting of Al.sub.2O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, SnO.sub.2, CeO.sub.2, SiO.sub.2, SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3, and combinations thereof; and (b) BF.sub.3; providing a feedstock comprising isobutylene; forming a reaction mixture comprising the feedstock and the catalyst system; contacting the isobutylene with the catalyst system; and obtaining a polymer composition.