Described herein are covalent organic frameworks. The covalent organic frameworks have unique structural and physical properties, which lends them to be versatile in a number of different applications and uses. In one aspect, the covalent organic frameworks are composed of a plurality of fused aromatic groups and electron-deficient chromophores. The covalent organic frameworks are useful as photocatalysts in a number of different applications.

This invention is related to the synthesis of organic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides. It is particularly focused on the production of propylene cyclic carbonate from propylene oxide. The proposed catalytic materials includes a support made of aluminum oxyhydroxide (Catapal B®), nitric acid, acetic acid and/or phosphoric acid. An important stage is the physical and chemical conditioning of the catalytic materials and to this end, experimental methodologies such as spheronization and thermal treatments were implemented prior the evaluation process.

An object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid purification method which makes it possible to obtain a chemical liquid having excellent defect inhibition performance. Another object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid. The chemical liquid purification method according to an embodiment of the present invention is a chemical liquid purification method including obtaining a chemical liquid by purifying a substance to be purified containing an organic solvent, in which a content of the stabilizer in the substance to be purified with respect to the total mass of the substance to be purified is equal to or greater than 0.1 mass ppm and less than 100 mass ppm.

An object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid purification method which makes it possible to obtain a chemical liquid having excellent defect inhibition performance. Another object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid. The chemical liquid purification method according to an embodiment of the present invention is a chemical liquid purification method including obtaining a chemical liquid by purifying a substance to be purified containing an organic solvent, in which a content of the stabilizer in the substance to be purified with respect to the total mass of the substance to be purified is equal to or greater than 0.1 mass ppm and less than 100 mass ppm.

A process for producing polymer-supported metal nanoparticles involves confinement of metal nanoparticles in polymeric nanotubes or nanosheets in an aqueous environment using hydrophobic reactants. Metal nanoparticles supported in the polymeric nanotubes or nanosheets are substantially monodisperse and have an average particle size of 4 nm or less. The polymer-supported metal nanoparticles are useful in fuel cells, sensors, bioanalysis, biological labeling or semi-conductors, especially as catalysts.

A metal-free porphyrin based crystalline 2D organic polymer obtained from the condensation of terephthaloyl chloride and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl porphyrin, namely H.sub.2TAPP), which is an effective bifunctional electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in basic conditions and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in neutral solutions. The electrochemical response of this material is explored under oxidation and reduction conditions in order to study its catalytic activity, charge transfer and stability.

A solid-supported Pd catalyst is suitable for C—C bond formation, e.g., via Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions, with a support that is reusable, cost-efficient, regioselective, and naturally available. Such catalysts may contain Pd nanoparticles on jute plant sticks (GS), i.e., Pd@GS, and may be formed by reducing, e.g., K.sub.2PdCl.sub.4 with NaBH.sub.4 in water, and then used this as a “dip catalyst.” The dip catalyst can catalyze Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck cross coupling-reactions in water. The catalysts may have a homogeneous distribution of Pd nanoparticles with average dimensions, e.g., within a range of 7 to 10 nm on the solid support. Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions may achieve conversions of, e.g., 97% with TOFs around 4692 h.sup.−1, Mizoroki-Heck reactions with conversions of, e.g., a 98% and TOFs of 237 h.sup.−1, while the same catalyst sample may be used for 7 consecutive cycles, i.e., without addition of any fresh catalyst.

Nanocages are formed by etching nanocubes. The nanocubes are added to an aqueous system having an amphiphilic lipid dissolved in an organic solvent (e.g. a hydrophobic alcohol) to form reverse micelles. As the water evaporates the micelles shrink as etching of the flat surface of the nanocubes occurs. In this fashion hollow nanocages are produced. In one embodiment, the nanocage is covalently attached to a polymer shell (e.g. a dextran shell).

A metal-supported nonwoven fabric is provided which enables effective synthesis of a target product when used as a catalyst in a flow reaction. The metal-supported nonwoven fabric comprises a nonwoven fabric containing polyolefin fibers or PET fibers, and metal particles. The nonwoven fabric has grafted side chains bound thereto formed of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, or a polymer containing functional groups with unshared electron pairs. The metal particles are supported by the grafted side chains via pyrrolidone groups of the polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxy groups of the polyacrylic acid, or the functional groups with unshared electron pairs.

A method of preparing a photocatalyst. The method includes a sulfone-containing conjugated polyimide obtained by solvothermally imidizing 3-sulfonyldianiline 1,4,5, 8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride with poly (amic acid) (PAA). The photocatalyst of the present disclosure can be used in an electrochemical cell for water oxidation processes.