A method for producing a polyvalent alcohol ester compound, characterized in that a polyvalent alcohol compound and a carboxylic acid compound are allowed to react in the presence of an acidic solid catalyst swollen with the polyvalent alcohol compound or the carboxylic acid compound without using a solvent to selectively produce a monocarboxylic acid ester or a polycarboxylic acid ester of a polyvalent alcohol. In this manner, a mono-fatty acid ester and a poly-fatty acid ester (e.g., di-fatty acid ester) of a polyvalent alcohol can be selectively and effectively produced from a polyvalent alcohol compound and a fatty acid compound.

The present invention provides a catalyst for an addition reaction of alkylene oxide, the catalyst comprises a nanocomposite ion-exchange resin having a structural formula of P-Im.sup.+-M.sup.−, wherein P is a nanocomposite resin matrix, Im.sup.+ is a cation derived from 5-6 membered heterocycle containing at least one nitrogen atom such as imidazolium cation, pyrazolium cation, pyrrolidinium cation, piperidinium cation, piperazinium cation, pyrimidinium cation, pyrazinium cation, pyridazinium cation, triazinium cation, and M.sup.− is an anion. The catalyst of the present invention can be used in the addition reaction of alkylene oxide and carbon dioxide. The catalyst has high wear resistance, high swelling resistance, and high activity. The products after the reaction are easy to separate, and the catalyst can be used continuously many times.

The present invention provides a catalyst for an addition reaction of alkylene oxide, the catalyst comprises a nanocomposite ion-exchange resin having a structural formula of P-Im.sup.+-M.sup.−, wherein P is a nanocomposite resin matrix, Im.sup.+ is a cation derived from 5-6 membered heterocycle containing at least one nitrogen atom such as imidazolium cation, pyrazolium cation, pyrrolidinium cation, piperidinium cation, piperazinium cation, pyrimidinium cation, pyrazinium cation, pyridazinium cation, triazinium cation, and M.sup.− is an anion. The catalyst of the present invention can be used in the addition reaction of alkylene oxide and carbon dioxide. The catalyst has high wear resistance, high swelling resistance, and high activity. The products after the reaction are easy to separate, and the catalyst can be used continuously many times.

The water outlet of a subsystem that includes an ultraviolet oxidation device and the water inlet of each substrate treatment device are connected to each other via a main pipe. A hydrogen peroxide removal device is installed between the ultraviolet oxidation device of the subsystem and a non-regenerative ion-exchange device. In addition, a carbon dioxide supply device is installed at the middle of a pipe that branches from the water outlet of the subsystem to reach the substrate treatment device. According to an aspect, the hydrogen peroxide removal device is filled with a platinum-group metal catalyst. Thus, ultrapure water passed through the ultraviolet oxidation device is used as a base to produce carbonated water in which the concentration of hydrogen peroxide dissolved therein is limited to 2 μg/L or less and to which carbon dioxide is added to adjust resistivity to be within the range of 0.03 to 5.0 MΩ.Math.cm.

The water outlet of a subsystem that includes an ultraviolet oxidation device and the water inlet of each substrate treatment device are connected to each other via a main pipe. A hydrogen peroxide removal device is installed between the ultraviolet oxidation device of the subsystem and a non-regenerative ion-exchange device. In addition, a carbon dioxide supply device is installed at the middle of a pipe that branches from the water outlet of the subsystem to reach the substrate treatment device. According to an aspect, the hydrogen peroxide removal device is filled with a platinum-group metal catalyst. Thus, ultrapure water passed through the ultraviolet oxidation device is used as a base to produce carbonated water in which the concentration of hydrogen peroxide dissolved therein is limited to 2 μg/L or less and to which carbon dioxide is added to adjust resistivity to be within the range of 0.03 to 5.0 MΩ.Math.cm.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

Some embodiments of the invention include inventive catalysts (e.g., catalysts of Formula (I)). Other embodiments include compositions comprising the inventive catalysts. Some embodiments include methods of using the inventive catalysts (e.g., in hydrofluorination of an organic compound). Further embodiments include methods for making the inventive catalysts. Additional embodiments of the invention are also discussed herein.

Some embodiments of the invention include inventive catalysts (e.g., catalysts of Formula (I)). Other embodiments include compositions comprising the inventive catalysts. Some embodiments include methods of using the inventive catalysts (e.g., in hydrofluorination of an organic compound). Further embodiments include methods for making the inventive catalysts. Additional embodiments of the invention are also discussed herein.

Provided herein is a method for producing methyl pentenone (MPO) in high yield in a continuous mode in a fixed bed reactor having a plurality of sidewall injecting ports by reacting excess methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) with acetaldehyde in presence of a cation exchange resin catalyst, wherein the acetaldehyde is injected from the plurality of sidewall injecting ports of the reactor. The method is also effective in reducing the complete consumption of the catalyst during the course of the reaction.