A process for producing isomerized olefins, branched aldehydes, branched alcohols, branched surfactants and other branched derivatives through isomerization, hydroformylation, hydrogenation, surfactant forming reactions and other derivative forming reactions.

The system includes a reactor vessel having a reactor space bound by a reactor wall. The reactor vessel is arranged for holding a mixture of a catalyst and formic acid in the reactor space. The reactor vessel includes a mixture inflow opening for allowing the mixture to enter the reactor space and a mixture outflow opening for allowing said mixture to exit the reactor space, and a gas outflow opening for allowing hydrogen originating from the mixture to exit the reactor space. A method for hydrogen production includes: providing the formic acid and the catalyst into the reactor space; withdrawing the mixture from the reactor space; heating and/or cooling the mixture to a predetermined temperature range outside the reactor space; and introducing the heated and/or cooled mixture into the reactor space in a predetermined direction having a tangential component arranged for stirring said mixture in the reactor space.

This invention relates to a composition comprising a compound having a formula of M2(CO)m(PF3)n, wherein M is a group 9 metal (such as cobalt), m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, and the sum of m and n is 8, that may be used as a hydroformylation pre¬catalyst for converting (such as hydroformylating) olefinic feeds, especially complex feeds comprising internal olefins and high degrees of branching.

Catalyst systems for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst which may include a chromium compound coordinated with a ligand and a co-catalyst which may include an organoaluminum compound. The ligand may have a chemical structure according to Chemical Structure (I), wherein R.sub.5, R.sub.6, and R.sub.7 are each independently chosen from a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) hydrocarbyl group or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) heterohydrocarbyl group, and wherein the (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) hydrocarbyl or (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) heterohydrocarbyl groups of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, and R.sub.7 have greater than 10 carbon atoms combined and R.sub.A, R.sub.B, R.sub.C, and R.sub.D and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4, are independently chosen from a hydrogen atom or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) hydrocarbyl group.

Catalyst systems for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst which may include a chromium compound coordinated with a ligand and a co-catalyst which may include an organoaluminum compound. The ligand may have a chemical structure according to Chemical Structure (I), wherein R.sub.5 is a (C.sub.1-C.sub.15) alkyl group, a (C.sub.3-C.sub.15) cyclohydrocarbyl group, a (C.sub.3-C.sub.15) cycloheterohydrocarbyl group, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.15) aryl group, and R.sub.A, R.sub.B, R.sub.C, R.sub.D, R.sub.E, R.sub.F, R.sub.G, R.sub.H, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, and R.sub.9 are independently chosen from a hydrogen atom, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) hydrocarbyl group, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) heterohydrocarbyl group.

Disclosed are nickel-containing complexation precursors having high complexation activity for bidentate processed under various conditions phosphite ligands. Also disclosed are methods of making the complexation precursors. The disclosed method of generating the nickel-containing complexation precursor includes including contacting a nickel starting material with a reductant under conditions sufficient to generate a nickel-containing complexation precursor having at least about 1,500 ppmw sulfur in the form of sulfide.

Metal-inorganic frameworks (“MIFs”) having enhanced adsorption capabilities to hydrogen, CO, CO.sub.2, hydrocarbons, and a variety of other guest molecules are disclosed. All linkers in the MIFs contain metal complexes, comprising metal atoms and inorganic or organic ligands, instead of only organic ligands as linkers in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Compared to their MOF counterparts, MIFs with carbon-free or carbon-deficient chemical structure are expected to possess enhanced thermal stability, higher catalytic activity, and higher gas affinity and selectivity.

The present invention relates to a ligand compound, an organic chromium compound, a catalyst system for ethylene oligomerization, a preparation method thereof, and an ethylene oligomerization method using the same. The catalyst system for ethylene oligomerization according to the present invention is used to prepare a low-density polyethylene in one reactor by using a small amount of comonomers such as alpha-olefin or by using only ethylene without comonomers, because it maintains high catalytic activity and high alpha-olefin selectivity even though supported on a support.

A process for the synthesis of a cationic rhodium complex comprises the steps of: (a) forming a mixture of a rhodium-diolefin-1,3-diketonate compound and a phosphorus ligand in a ketone solvent, (b) mixing an acid with the mixture to form a solution of the cationic rhodium complex, (c) evaporating at least a portion of the solvent from the solution, (d) optionally, treating the resulting complex with an ether, and (e) treating the resulting complex with an alcohol. The complex may be recovered and used as a catalyst, for example in hydrogenation reactions.

A process of co-feeding gaseous ethylene with liquid allyl alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce 1,4-butanediol and n-propanol may include: introducing a gaseous mixture of ethylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen into a reactor in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst in a solvent; introducing liquid allyl alcohol (AA) into the reactor; and carrying out hydroformylation reaction at a temperature between 50 and 100° C. to obtain hydroformylation products.