What is provided is a production method in which a vinyl acetate is reacted with a primary or secondary alcohol represented by Formula (1) and carbon monoxide to produce a first ester compound represented by Formula (2), and the first ester compound is reacted with an alcohol to produce a lactic acid ester represented by Formula (3) and an acetic acid ester represented by Formula (4).

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This disclosure is directed to: (a) processes for preparing compounds and salts thereof that, inter alia, are useful for inhibiting hepatitis C virus (HCV); (b) intermediates useful for the preparation of the compounds and salts; (c) pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds or salts; and (d) methods of use of such compositions.

The disclosure is directed to: (a) phosphacycle ligands; (b) catalyst compositions comprising phosphacycle ligands; and (c) methods of using such phosphacycle ligands and catalyst compositions in bond forming reactions.