Methods of treating hydroconversion catalysts used for cracking of hydrocarbons are described. A method can include mixing an inactive hydroconversion catalyst with a solid hydrocarbon containing material having a melting point of 50° C. or greater. The inactive hydroconversion catalyst/solid hydrocarbon containing material mixture can be contacted with a gaseous stream that includes hydrogen (H.sub.2) and a sulfur-containing compound under conditions sufficient to sulfide the catalyst and carbonize at least a portion of the hydrocarbon containing material on the sulfided catalyst to obtain a treated sulfided hydroconversion catalyst.

Methods of treating hydroconversion catalysts used for cracking of hydrocarbons are described. A method can include mixing an inactive hydroconversion catalyst with a solid hydrocarbon containing material having a melting point of 50° C. or greater. The inactive hydroconversion catalyst/solid hydrocarbon containing material mixture can be contacted with a gaseous stream that includes hydrogen (H.sub.2) and a sulfur-containing compound under conditions sufficient to sulfide the catalyst and carbonize at least a portion of the hydrocarbon containing material on the sulfided catalyst to obtain a treated sulfided hydroconversion catalyst.

A method is disclosed for rejuvenation a cobalt Fischer Tropsch catalyst used in a Fischer Tropsch process operating in recycle mode. The method permits the use of specific inert gases to adjust the mole weight of the gas so that the recycle compressor designed for normal steady state operation can also be used in the method. Hydrogen from a membrane permeate stream is added to the reactor loop at a temperature between 300 F and 400 F and the carbon oxides are reacted out to purify the hydrogen. This stream is continuously recycled and the temperature is raised to between 425 F and 500 F and held at the final temperature for between 4 hours and 48 hours. The cobalt Fischer Tropsch catalyst is effectively rejuvenated in-situ by the method.

A method is disclosed for rejuvenation a cobalt Fischer Tropsch catalyst used in a Fischer Tropsch process operating in recycle mode. The method permits the use of specific inert gases to adjust the mole weight of the gas so that the recycle compressor designed for normal steady state operation can also be used in the method. Hydrogen from a membrane permeate stream is added to the reactor loop at a temperature between 300 F and 400 F and the carbon oxides are reacted out to purify the hydrogen. This stream is continuously recycled and the temperature is raised to between 425 F and 500 F and held at the final temperature for between 4 hours and 48 hours. The cobalt Fischer Tropsch catalyst is effectively rejuvenated in-situ by the method.

Processes and apparatuses for regenerating catalysts used in a hydrocarbon conversion process. The catalyst is separated into a bypass portion and an adsorption portion. The bypass portion is passed to a regeneration zone where coke may be removed. A vent gas from the regeneration zone may include an active additive from the catalyst, like a halogen. The vent gas is sent to an adsorption zone which also receives the adsorption portion. In the adsorption zone, the catalyst will contact and adsorb the active additive and then pass to the regeneration zone. The amount of active additive in the vent gas from the regeneration zone and the adsorption zone is reduced.

This disclosure relates to red mud compositions. This disclosure also relates to methods of making red mud compositions. This disclosure additionally relates to methods of using red mud compositions.

This disclosure relates to red mud compositions. This disclosure also relates to methods of making red mud compositions. This disclosure additionally relates to methods of using red mud compositions.

This invention describes methods of alkylating isobutane which include a catalytic reaction system comprising a crystalline zeolite catalyst and a rare earth-modified molecular sieve adsorbent (RE—MSA). The crystalline zeolite catalyst comprises sodalite cages and supercages, a Si/Al molar ratio of 20 or less, less than 0.5 weight percent alkali metals; and up to 5 wt% of Pt, Pd and or Ni, and acid-site density (including both Lewis and Brønsted acid sites) of at least 100 .Math.mole/gm. The RE-modified molecular sieve adsorbent (Re—MSA) comprising sodalite cages and supercages, a Si/Al molar ratio of 20 or less, less than 1 wt% of alkali metals, RE (rare earth elements) in the range of 10 to 30 wt% and transition metals selected from groups 9-11 in the range from 2 wt% to 10 wt; and acid-site density of no more than 30 .Math.mole/gm. The invention also includes methods of making RE—MSA.

A method is disclosed for converting biomass into a fuel additive, the method comprising: liquefying the biomass to form a liquor; neutralizing the liquor; precipitating lignin out of the liquor; extracting furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from the liquor; and hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) the extracted furfurals over a Cu—Ni/TiO.sub.2 catalyst. The catalyst for hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to methylated furans comprises copper-nickel (Cu—Ni) particles supported on titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2), and wherein the copper-nickel particles form core-shell structures in which copper (Cu) is enriched at a surface of the catalyst.

The present disclosure provides a macroporous noble metal catalyst and processes employing such catalysts for the regeneration of deactivated ionic liquid catalyst containing conjunct polymer.