A process of forming a fastener with improved threading to resist multi-axial forces and off-axis loading scenarios is provided. The process may include placing first and second mill tools adjacent a shaft of the fastener having a proximal end and a distal end, rotating the shaft and the first and second mill tools, and translating the first and second mill tools along at least part of a length of the shaft to form: a first concave undercut surface oriented toward the proximal end, a first convex undercut surface oriented toward the distal end, a second concave undercut surface oriented toward the distal end, and a second convex undercut surface oriented toward the proximal end.

A fastener with improved threading for resisting multi-axial forces and off-axis loading scenarios is provided. The fastener may include a shaft and a plurality of helical threads disposed about the shaft. The plurality of helical threads may include a first helical thread and a second helical thread adjacent the first helical thread. The first helical thread may include a first concave undercut surface and a first convex undercut surface. The second helical thread may include a second concave undercut surface and a second convex undercut surface. When the fastener is viewed in section along a plane intersecting a longitudinal axis of the shaft, the first concave undercut surface and the second convex undercut surface may be oriented toward the proximal end of the shaft, and the first convex undercut surface and the second concave undercut surface may be oriented toward the distal end of the shaft.

A process of forming a fastener with improved threading to resist multi-axial forces and off-axis loading scenarios is provided. The process may include placing first and second mill tools adjacent a shaft of the fastener having a proximal end and a distal end, rotating the shaft and the first and second mill tools, and translating the first and second mill tools along at least part of a length of the shaft to form: a first concave undercut surface oriented toward the proximal end, a first convex undercut surface oriented toward the distal end, a second concave undercut surface oriented toward the distal end, and a second convex undercut surface oriented toward the proximal end.

A tube scraping apparatus comprises a body having a passageway for receiving a piping component; and a first blade and a second blade. The first blade and second blade each: are mounted to the body and shiftable between a first condition and a second condition; and having an engagement portion positioned to engage an outer diameter (OD) surface of the received piping component in at least one condition, the first blade engagement portion comprising a cutting edge for removing material from the OD surface. The second blade engagement portion comprises a partial thread for engaging the piping component to convert a rotation of the piping component relative to the body to an axial movement of the piping component relative to the body.

A machining tool that comprises a cutting part and a base that supports the cutting part. The base and/or the cutting part are made at least in part of a fiber-reinforced plastic. In some embodiments, the fiber-reinforced plastic is CFRP or CFC.