Systems and methods according to one or more embodiments are provided for forming canted holes in materials. In one example, a forming angle and a central axis for a vent through a panel is determined. A vent is formed in the panel about the central axis along the forming angle. The angled vent is formed with a circular shape at a first opening of the vent on a first surface of the panel when viewed at an angle perpendicular to the first surface of the panel. Additional systems and methods are also provided.

The apparatus for making a nanopore in a membrane generally has an electrode configured to connect to one of two opposing surfaces of the membrane; a conductive tip configured to contact a location of the other one of the two opposing surfaces of the membrane; and a voltage source electrically connected between the electrode and the conductive tip and operable to generate an electric potential across the membrane, the electric potential locally removing material of the membrane at the location to make the nanopore.

The apparatus for making a nanopore in a membrane generally has an electrode configured to connect to one of two opposing surfaces of the membrane; a conductive tip configured to contact a location of the other one of the two opposing surfaces of the membrane; and a voltage source electrically connected between the electrode and the conductive tip and operable to generate an electric potential across the membrane, the electric potential locally removing material of the membrane at the location to make the nanopore.

The apparatus for making a nanopore in a membrane generally has an electrode configured to connect to one of two opposing surfaces of the membrane; a conductive tip configured to contact a location of the other one of the two opposing surfaces of the membrane; and a voltage source electrically connected between the electrode and the conductive tip and operable to generate an electric potential across the membrane, the electric potential locally removing material of the membrane at the location to make the nanopore.

The apparatus for making a nanopore in a membrane generally has an electrode configured to connect to one of two opposing surfaces of the membrane; a conductive tip configured to contact a location of the other one of the two opposing surfaces of the membrane; and a voltage source electrically connected between the electrode and the conductive tip and operable to generate an electric potential across the membrane, the electric potential locally removing material of the membrane at the location to make the nanopore.

Disclosed is a through-hole forming method including a process of forming, by condensing and irradiating a laser beam onto an insulation substrate through a lens, a through-hole that passes through the insulation substrate in a thickness direction of the insulation substrate. A medium between the lens and the insulation substrate is air. A converging half angle that is calculated from a focal length f of the lens and a beam diameter d of the laser beam that enters the lens by using expression (1) satisfies expression (2):

(d/2)/f=tan (1), and

0.16sin 0.22(2).

Disclosed is a through-hole forming method including a process of forming, by condensing and irradiating a laser beam onto an insulation substrate through a lens, a through-hole that passes through the insulation substrate in a thickness direction of the insulation substrate. A medium between the lens and the insulation substrate is air. A converging half angle that is calculated from a focal length f of the lens and a beam diameter d of the laser beam that enters the lens by using expression (1) satisfies expression (2):

(d/2)/f=tan (1), and

0.16sin 0.22(2).

Disclosed is a through-hole forming method including a process of forming, by condensing and irradiating a laser beam onto an insulation substrate through a lens, a through-hole that passes through the insulation substrate in a thickness direction of the insulation substrate. A medium between the lens and the insulation substrate is air. A converging half angle that is calculated from a focal length f of the lens and a beam diameter d of the laser beam that enters the lens by using expression (1) satisfies expression (2):
(d/2)/f=tan (1), and
0.16sin 0.22(2).

Disclosed is a through-hole forming method including a process of forming, by condensing and irradiating a laser beam onto an insulation substrate through a lens, a through-hole that passes through the insulation substrate in a thickness direction of the insulation substrate. A medium between the lens and the insulation substrate is air. A converging half angle that is calculated from a focal length f of the lens and a beam diameter d of the laser beam that enters the lens by using expression (1) satisfies expression (2):
(d/2)/f=tan (1), and
0.16sin 0.22(2).

An apparatus for an electrochemical discharge machining process is provided. The apparatus includes a holder housing having, an inlet hole, an outlet hole, a first side, and a second side, and containing an electrolyte, a tool holder disposed at the first side, and a first electrode having a first end and a second end. The holder housing is configured to sealingly accommodate the electrolyte unless at least one of the inlet hole and the outlet hole is open. The first end is coupled to the tool holder and the second end passes through the second side. Since the apparatus is moved to a machining position of the work-piece by a worker, additional power for controlling the position thereof is not necessary. In addition, the apparatus is easy to carry and use because of its simple structure.