In an example, a method comprises receiving, at a processor, a digital model representing an object to be produced by additive manufacturing. The method may comprise receiving, at the processor, an indication that a first selected region of a surface of the object is to have a first coating applied after printing. The method may further comprise applying a first predefined surface roughness pattern to the first selected region of the surface of the digital model.

In an example, a method comprises receiving, at a processor, a digital model representing an object to be produced by additive manufacturing. The method may comprise receiving, at the processor, an indication that a first selected region of a surface of the object is to have a first coating applied after printing. The method may further comprise applying a first predefined surface roughness pattern to the first selected region of the surface of the digital model.

Provided is a method for forming an implant with an autonomous manufacturing device. The method includes accessing a first computer-readable reconstruction of a being's anatomy; accessing a second computer-readable reconstruction of an implant; accessing a third computer-readable reconstruction comprising the first computer-readable reconstruction superimposed with the second computer readable reconstruction; generating at least one computer-readable trace from a point cloud; and forming an implant with an autonomous manufacturing device, wherein the autonomous manufacturing device forms the implant into a shape defined by at least one dimension of the computer-readable trace.

Provided is a method for forming an implant with an autonomous manufacturing device. The method includes accessing a first computer-readable reconstruction of a being's anatomy; accessing a second computer-readable reconstruction of an implant; accessing a third computer-readable reconstruction comprising the first computer-readable reconstruction superimposed with the second computer readable reconstruction; generating at least one computer-readable trace from a point cloud; and forming an implant with an autonomous manufacturing device, wherein the autonomous manufacturing device forms the implant into a shape defined by at least one dimension of the computer-readable trace.

A method of inspecting a structure during additive manufacturing of the structure and additive manufacturing systems are presented. An additive manufacturing system comprises additive manufacturing equipment comprising a casing and an additive manufacturing head configured to form a plurality of layers of a structure within the casing; and an x-ray backscatter imaging system configured to send an x-ray beam into a structure formed within the additive manufacturing equipment and detect scattered x-rays for imaging and analysis of the structure during fabrication.

A method of inspecting a structure during additive manufacturing of the structure and additive manufacturing systems are presented. An additive manufacturing system comprises additive manufacturing equipment comprising a casing and an additive manufacturing head configured to form a plurality of layers of a structure within the casing; and an x-ray backscatter imaging system configured to send an x-ray beam into a structure formed within the additive manufacturing equipment and detect scattered x-rays for imaging and analysis of the structure during fabrication.

A method for producing a three-dimensional shaped article includes a first shaping step of shaping a first portion of the three-dimensional shaped article by ejecting a shaping material to a stage, and a second shaping step of shaping a second portion of the three-dimensional shaped article having an overlapping portion overlapping with the first portion, and a non-overlapping portion that does not overlap with the first portion, that forms a space between the same and the first portion, and that is in contact with the overlapping portion at one end. In the second shaping step, the overlapping portion is shaped by ejecting the shaping material onto the first portion, and thereafter, the non-overlapping portion is shaped by ejecting the shaping material so as to be in contact with the overlapping portion.

A method for producing a three-dimensional shaped article includes a first shaping step of shaping a first portion of the three-dimensional shaped article by ejecting a shaping material to a stage, and a second shaping step of shaping a second portion of the three-dimensional shaped article having an overlapping portion overlapping with the first portion, and a non-overlapping portion that does not overlap with the first portion, that forms a space between the same and the first portion, and that is in contact with the overlapping portion at one end. In the second shaping step, the overlapping portion is shaped by ejecting the shaping material onto the first portion, and thereafter, the non-overlapping portion is shaped by ejecting the shaping material so as to be in contact with the overlapping portion.

Various implementations include a three-dimensional printing device. The device includes a primary extruder, a secondary extruder, and a build plate. The primary extruder has a hollow primary body for accepting a printing material. An end of the primary body defines a primary extruder opening shaped to extrude a primary extrusion of melted printing material. The secondary extruder has a hollow secondary body for accepting a printing material. An end of the secondary body defines a secondary extruder opening shaped to extrude a secondary extrusion of melted printing material. A first primary extrusion extruded from the primary extruder disposed side by side with a second primary extrusion extruded from the primary extruder adjacent the build plate in a first layer defines a gap between adjacent edges of the first and second primary extrusions. A first secondary extrusion extruded from the secondary extruder is disposable in a second layer in the gap.

Additive-manufacturing systems, surface-processing apparatuses, and methods of forming products using an additive-manufacturing head are provided. In one aspect, an additive-manufacturing system includes an additive-manufacturing head and a surface-processing device coupled to the additive-manufacturing head. In another aspect, a surface-processing apparatus for an additive-manufacturing head includes a housing configured to be coupled to the additive-manufacturing head and a surface-processing device coupled to the housing. In a further aspect, a method of forming a product using an additive-manufacturing head includes forming one or more layers of the product with the additive-manufacturing head and processing at least one of the one or more layers of the product with a surface-processing device coupled to the additive-manufacturing head.