A substrate bonding apparatus for bonding a first substrate to a second substrate includes a first bonding chuck supporting the first substrate, a second bonding chuck disposed above the first bonding chuck and supporting the second substrate, a resonant frequency detector detecting a resonant frequency of a bonded structure with the first substrate and the second substrate which are at least partially bonded to each other, and a controller controlling a distance between the first bonding chuck and the second bonding chuck according to the detected resonant frequency of the bonded structure.

A protective garment is constructed with a fibrous material. The fibrous material comprises a first nonwoven layer, a second nonwoven layer, and a nanofiber layer laminated between the first nonwoven layer and the second nonwoven layer. The fibrous material has a mean flow pore size greater than or equal to about 0.02 micron and less than or equal to about 0.5 microns, and a water vapor transmission rate greater than or equal to about 10000 g/m.sup.2/day and less than or equal to about 100000 g/m.sup.2/day. In a method of making a fibrous layer, a first nonwoven layer and a nanofiber layer are provided. A polyurethane reactive resin is applied to the first nonwoven layer in an amount of 2 to 30 g/m.sup.2. The nanofiber layer is then laminated to the first nonwoven layer applied with the polyurethane reactive resin and pressed to form the fibrous layer.

A manufacturing line for manufacturing layered products, comprising a plurality of manufacturing stations disposed along a transportation track of a transportation system. The plurality of manufacturing stations includes a number of layer dispensing stations, the transportation system comprising a plurality of product holders that are each arranged to be moved individually along the transportation track to visit manufacturing stations along the transportation track. The product holders are arranged to hold a stack of layers, and the transportation track includes a loop and a router. The router is arranged to route product holders to revisit manufacturing stations via the loop in the transportation track.

A method of applying labels to a store shelf in a retail environment. The method includes applying labels with adhesive strips applied to a bottom surface of each label and a top laminate layer with a release coating applied to the top surface of each label. The labels in the pad are sequenced according to a store's planogram.

A method for manufacturing pouches made of at least partly thermoplastic material, including the steps of superimposing at least two webs of at least partly thermoplastic material, joining the webs at adhesion regions or lines, and cutting the webs at cutting regions or lines in order to provide pouches. In a condition in which the webs are superimposed, the method further includes the step of mutually aligning the webs by causing the elongation of at least one of the two webs via the application of heat.

A lamination chuck for lamination of film materials includes a support layer and a top layer. The top layer is disposed on the support layer. The top layer includes a polymeric material having a Shore A hardness lower than a Shore hardness of a material of the support layer. The top layer and the support layer have at least one vacuum channel formed therethrough, vertically extending from a top surface of the top layer to a bottom surface of the support layer.

A method of manufacturing a panel for an article of apparel includes stretching a base layer from a resting configuration to a stretched configuration. The method further includes coupling a reinforcement layer to the base layer when the base layer is in the stretched configuration. The method also includes applying an auxetic structure to the reinforcement layer when the base layer is in the stretched configuration. The auxetic structure includes a plurality of interconnected members defining a repeating pattern of voids, and each void has a reentrant shape. The method further includes releasing the base layer to allow the base layer to return to the resting configuration.

A film capable of covering an article having a three-dimensional shape by heat expansion provided by one embodiment of the present disclosure comprises an outermost layer disposed on an outermost surface, and a polyurethane thermal adhesive layer, which contains a thermoplastic polyurethane selected from the group consisting of polyester-based polyurethanes and polycarbonate-based polyurethanes and is thermally adhered to the article during the heat expansion, wherein the fracture strength of the polyurethane thermal adhesive layer is not less than 1 MPa at 135° C., and the storage modulus at 150° C. and frequency 1.0 Hz is from 5×10.sup.3 Pa to 5×10.sup.5 Pa, and the coefficient of loss tan δ is not less than 0.1.

A display panel manufacturing apparatus includes a first jig having a portion that is bent and a lower surface to which a window member is coupleable, a second jig having one surface that is coupleable to the lower surface of the first jig, the second jig being spaced apart from the first jig and having an upper surface on which a sheet member is attachable, a grip unit that is spaced apart from the second jig, the grip unit including a seating groove in which an end portion of the sheet member is seatable, and a movement limiting member moveably mounted on a top of the grip unit and configured to support the end portion of the sheet member in a state that the sheet member is separated from the grip unit, such that a movement of the sheet member is limited for a preset time.

A patch lamination device includes a laminate feed roller, a laminating roller, and a laminate spreader. The laminate feed roller is configured to feed a patch laminate ribbon along a laminate path. The laminating roller is configured to laminate individual patch laminates of the ribbon to a surface of a card substrate. The laminate spreader is positioned between the laminate feed roller and the laminating roller. The laminate spreader is configured to reduce the formation of trough wrinkles in a patch laminate that is tensioned between the laminate feed roller and the laminating roller during lamination of the patch laminate to a card substrate using the laminating roller.