A liquid ejecting head in which a first electrode layer, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode layer of a piezoelectric element are laminated, a pressure chamber, which is partitioned by a partition wall, has an elongated shape, in a structure including the diaphragm and the piezoelectric element including an active portion and a non-active portion lateral direction, a first position is a position on an inner side of the active portion when viewed in the thickness direction, a second position is a position on an inner side of the non-active portion and closest to a boundary between the pressure chamber and the partition wall, and EI1/EI2≤40, wherein EI1 is a bending rigidity of the active portion at the first position and EI2 is a bending rigidity of the non-active portion at the second position.

A flow path structure which forms a flow path of liquid, includes: a light absorbing member (first substrate) having absorbing properties with respect to laser light; a light transmitting member (second substrate) which is joined to the light absorbing member and has transmitting properties with respect to the laser light; a first flow path (flow path) which is surrounded by a welding interface between the light absorbing member and the light transmitting member; and a second flow path which is formed in a flow path pipe (flow path pipe) which protrudes from a front surface opposite of the welding interface in the light transmitting member, and communicates with the first flow path, in which the flow path pipe is included in a region of the first flow path in a plan view from a direction orthogonal to the welding interface.

The present disclosure provides an inkjet ink and primer fluid set containing an aqueous primer composition, an aqueous white inkjet ink, and aqueous non-white colored inkjet inks. The aqueous primer composition forms a coating on a print substrate. This fluid set is particularly suitable for printing on non-porous plastic substrate.

A liquid ejecting device includes a flow path member, an actuator, a pump, and a controller. The flow path member includes a flow path configured to direct flow of a pseudoplastic liquid through the flow path member. The actuator is configured to cause droplets to be ejected. The pump is configured to cause the liquid to flow sequentially through a supply reservoir, a plurality of supply manifolds, a plurality of supply flow paths, and a plurality of pressure chambers. The controller is configured to adjust a flow rate of the liquid to a prescribed target flow rate. The flow path has a flow path shape in which an average viscosity of the liquid in the plurality of supply flow paths is less than or equal to half an average viscosity of the liquid in the plurality of supply manifolds when the flow rate is equal to the target flow rate.

The interface region may include a region in which first intensity is higher than second intensity and in which the first intensity is higher than third intensity, where a degree of orientation of the (−211) crystal face of the second layer is denoted as the first intensity, the degree of orientation of the (−111) crystal face of the second layer is denoted as the second intensity, and the degree of orientation of the (002) crystal face of the second layer is denoted as the third intensity. The surface-layer region may include a region in which the first intensity is higher than the third intensity and in which the second intensity is higher than the third intensity.

An electric current based on electric charge produced on the piezoelectric body changes by going through a first path, a second path, a third path, and a fourth path in this order. On the first path, the electric current becomes larger as the voltage becomes higher. On the second path, the electric current becomes smaller as the voltage becomes higher. On the third path, the electric current becomes larger as the voltage becomes higher. On the fourth path, the electric current becomes smaller as the voltage becomes higher.

A thermal bend actuator includes: a thermoelastic beam for connection to drive circuitry; and a passive beam mechanically cooperating with the thermoelastic beam, such that when a current is passed through the thermoelastic beam, the thermoelastic beam expands relative to the passive beam resulting in bending of the actuator. The thermoelastic beam wherein the thermoelastic beam is comprised of an aluminium alloy. The aluminium alloy comprises a first metal which is aluminium, a second metal, and at least 0.1 at. % of a third metal selected from the group consisting of: copper, scandium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, silicon and magnesium.

A piezoelectric element including a piezoelectric layer having a perovskite structure including lead, zirconium, and titanium, and an electrode provided on the piezoelectric layer is provided. In the piezoelectric layer, in a range of 50 nm or smaller from an interface between the piezoelectric layer and the electrode in a thickness direction, a ratio c/a of a lattice spacing a in a direction perpendicular to the thickness direction and a lattice spacing c in the thickness direction satisfies 0.986≤c/a≤1.014.

A piezoelectric thin film 3 contains a metal oxide, the metal oxide contains bismuth, potassium, titanium, iron and element M, the element M is at least one of magnesium and nickel, at least a part of the metal oxide is a crystal having a perovskite structure, and a (001) plane, a (110) plane or a (111) plane of the crystal is oriented in a normal direction dn of the surface of the piezoelectric thin film 3.

A liquid discharging head includes a nozzle configured to discharge liquid, a pressure chamber communicated with the nozzle, and an individual channel communicated with the pressure chamber through a narrow part. The liquid discharging head also includes a common channel communicated with the individual channel, an energy generation element configured to generate energy, and a diaphragm configured to convey the energy to the pressure chamber. A metal oxide film is formed at inner walls of the nozzle, the pressure chamber, the narrow part, the diaphragm, and the individual channel, and a hydroxyl group has come out from the metal oxide film.