An adaptive tire traction control system for motor vehicle tires for grip enhancement and rolling friction reduction. The tire surface area is radially divided into multiple zones, in the three zones configuration the tire is composed of an outer shoulder, centre and inner shoulder. The outer shoulder is equipped with a plurality of studs to increase the traction when vehicle is on icy or muddy surfaces. The centre part is made of low friction rubbers for the normal operation to increase fuel economy and lengthen the tires life, and reduced rolling noise. The inner shoulder is equipped with high grip rubber to provide better grip in case of emergency braking. In one embodiment, the tilting mechanism of the tire traction system can be connected to the anti-lock braking system (ABS). In case of emergency braking, the inner shoulder with high grip rubber is brought in contact with the ground to provide more grips.

A support structure for a vehicle includes: a body portion (22); a damper attachment portion (24); a tie-rod attachment portion (26); and a lower arm attachment portion (28). The vehicle supporting structure (20) has a first rib (32) that connects the damper attachment portion (24) with the tie-rod attachment portion (26), a second rib (34) that connects the tie-rod attachment portion (26) and the lower arm attachment portion (28), and a third rib (36) that connects the first rib with the second rib. The first rib is inclined to have a height that gradually decreases from the damper attachment portion toward the tie-rod attachment portion, forming a first inclined portion (32a) and a first thinned portion (32b). The third rib is inclined to have a height that gradually decreases from the second rib toward the first rib, forming a second inclined portion (36a) and a second thinned portion (36b).

A support structure for a vehicle includes: a body portion (22); a damper attachment portion (24); a tie-rod attachment portion (26); and a lower arm attachment portion (28). The vehicle supporting structure (20) has a first rib (32) that connects the damper attachment portion (24) with the tie-rod attachment portion (26), a second rib (34) that connects the tie-rod attachment portion (26) and the lower arm attachment portion (28), and a third rib (36) that connects the first rib with the second rib. The first rib is inclined to have a height that gradually decreases from the damper attachment portion toward the tie-rod attachment portion, forming a first inclined portion (32a) and a first thinned portion (32b). The third rib is inclined to have a height that gradually decreases from the second rib toward the first rib, forming a second inclined portion (36a) and a second thinned portion (36b).

A suspension for a vehicle is configured such that, even in a situation of departing from a range in which a spring may be tensioned as a rebound state is added in a full rebound state, a lower end of the spring is continuously supported by a spring seat support arm, so as to prevent separation of the spring connecting a suspension arm to a body member.

A suspension for a vehicle is configured such that, even in a situation of departing from a range in which a spring may be tensioned as a rebound state is added in a full rebound state, a lower end of the spring is continuously supported by a spring seat support arm, so as to prevent separation of the spring connecting a suspension arm to a body member.

An apparatus for pivotally fixing a non-driven wheel assembly to a vehicle frame is disclosed. The apparatus provides a trough through which non-driven wheel assembly components can be passed and protected. In one embodiment, the trough is circular in shape and is fully enclosed by the apparatus. In other embodiments, the trough has various shapes and comprises retaining members to secure and protect non-driven wheel assembly components. A suspension system interface is provided that allows the apparatus to suspend the non-driven wheel assembly. Openings used to pivotally and rigidly fix a mounting plate, suspension system, pivotal axes, and fender assemblies are also disclosed and claimed herein.

An apparatus for pivotally fixing a non-driven wheel assembly to a vehicle frame is disclosed. The apparatus provides a trough through which non-driven wheel assembly components can be passed and protected. In one embodiment, the trough is circular in shape and is fully enclosed by the apparatus. In other embodiments, the trough has various shapes and comprises retaining members to secure and protect non-driven wheel assembly components. A suspension system interface is provided that allows the apparatus to suspend the non-driven wheel assembly. Openings used to pivotally and rigidly fix a mounting plate, suspension system, pivotal axes, and fender assemblies are also disclosed and claimed herein.

An off-road vehicle has two front wheels and two rear wheels, the rear wheels being connected to a spool gear driven by a motor. The vehicle also has a left front brake, a right front brake and a single rear brake. Speeds of left and right front wheels are respectively monitored by left and right front speed sensors. A single sensor monitors a common speed of left and right rear wheels. Two user actuated braking input devices, for example a hand lever and a foot lever, may be used independently or concurrently to provide a braking command. An anti-lock braking system may use speed measurements from the various speed sensors to control selective application of pressure on the left front brake, the right front brake and the rear brake.

An off-road vehicle has two front wheels and two rear wheels, the rear wheels being connected to a spool gear driven by a motor. The vehicle also has a left front brake, a right front brake and a single rear brake. Speeds of left and right front wheels are respectively monitored by left and right front speed sensors. A single sensor monitors a common speed of left and right rear wheels. Two user actuated braking input devices, for example a hand lever and a foot lever, may be used independently or concurrently to provide a braking command. An anti-lock braking system may use speed measurements from the various speed sensors to control selective application of pressure on the left front brake, the right front brake and the rear brake.

A sealing comprises a seal portion and a plate portion fixed to the seal portion. The seal portion can have an undulating configuration of at least one peak and at least one valley, and the plate portion can circumferentially surround the seal portion. The seal portion can be made of a first material and the plate portion can be made of a second material more rigid than the first material. The seal portion can have a radially inward facing contact surface that defines a central opening of the sealing.